Hydrogen Peroxide on the Surface of Europa

Carlson, R. W.; Anderson, M. S.; Johnson, R. E.; Smythe, W. D.; Hendrix, Amanda; Barth, C. A.; Soderblom, L. A.; Hansen, G. B.; McCord, T. B.; Dalton, J. B.; Clark, R. N.; Shirley, James H.; Ocampo, A.; Matson, D. L.

doi:10.1126/science.283.5410.2062

Cited by 290 publications

(223 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…As stressed in Ref. [6], the abundance of H 2 O 2 and the existence of O 2 in the atmosphere demonstrate that the surface chemistry on Europa is dominated by water radiolysis induced by energetic heavy particle bombardment.…”

Section: Europamentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Water radiolysis can produce, for example H + OH radicals which, after diffusion, can lead to a chemical combination of two OH radicals yielding H 2 O 2 . Laboratory experiments [6] show that the reflectance of water ice with just 0.16 % of H 2 O 2 results in a decrease of 20 % of the surface reflectance at wavelengths of 210 nm as compared with pure water ices. As stressed in Ref.…”

Section: Europamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Primary radicals production from water fragmentation by heavy ions

Montenegro¹,

Luna²

2005

Braz. J. Phys.

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The importance of fragmentation of water molecules by heavy ions is discussed for several different physical environments, including tumor treatment, planetary sciences and fi ssion reactors. The characteristics of the fragmentation yields by electrons, protons and photons are presented and compared with fragmentation yields of water molecules by C 3+ and O 5+ ions at energies corresponding to the Bragg peak. It is shown that for low energy electron loss and high energy electron capture, the water molecules essentially blow-out, releasing a much larger fraction of O q+ ions as compared with electrons, protons and photons.

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Section: Europamentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Europamentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary radicals production from water fragmentation by heavy ions

Montenegro¹,

Luna²

2005

Braz. J. Phys.

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“…Its abundance, relative to H 2 O, is about 6−7% in the comets Hale-Bopp (Crovisier et al 1997;Crovisier 1998) and Hyakutake (Bockelée-Morvan 1997). The H 2 O and CO 2 ice features have been observed also in the IR spectra of the icy Galilean satellites Europa, Ganymede, Callisto (Carlson et al 1999;McCord et al 1998), Triton -the largest moon of Neptune (Quirico et al 1999) -and on the surface of Mars (Herr & Pimentel 1969;Larson & Fink 1972).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Radiolysis of H₂O:CO₂ices by heavy energetic cosmic ray analogs

Pilling

Duarte²,

Domaracka

et al. 2010

A&A

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An experimental study of the interaction of heavy, highly charged, and energetic ions (52 MeV 58 Ni 13+ ) with pure H 2 O, pure CO 2 and mixed H 2 O:CO 2 astrophysical ice analogs is presented. This analysis aims to simulate the chemical and the physicochemical interactions induced by heavy cosmic rays inside dense and cold astrophysical environments, such as molecular clouds or protostellar clouds. The measurements were performed at the heavy ion accelerator GANIL (Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds in Caen, France). The gas samples were deposited onto a CsI substrate at 13 K. In-situ analysis was performed by a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer at different fluences. Radiolysis yields of the produced species were quantified. The dissociation cross sections of pure H 2 O and CO 2 ices are 1.1 and 1.9 ×10 −13 cm 2 , respectively. For mixed H 2 O:CO 2 (10:1), the dissociation cross sections of both species are about 1 × 10 −13 cm 2 . The measured sputtering yield of pure CO 2 ice is 2.2 × 10 4 molec ion −1 . After a fluence of 2−3 × 10 12 ions cm −2 , the CO 2 /CO ratio becomes roughly constant (∼0.1), independent of the initial CO 2 /H 2 O ratio. A similar behavior is observed for the H 2 O 2 /H 2 O ratio, which stabilizes at 0.01, independent of the initial H 2 O column density or relative abundance.

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“…The cold, dry, and low-oxygen (Ϸ7 bar) Martian atmosphere concentrates H 2 O 2 production near the surface (4,5). Hydrogen peroxide can be preserved readily in ice, because H 2 O 2 has a slightly lower freezing point (Ϫ1°C) than H 2 O; a concentration of H 2 O 2 as high as 0.13% is observed on the surface of the Galilean satellite Europa (6). The closest analog in Earth history for the cold, dry, low-oxygen conditions of Mars and Europa may have occurred during the proposed Paleoproterozoic Snowball Earth event (7,8) and perhaps during one or both of the proposed Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth events (9,10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of hydrogen peroxide in the atmosphere of a Snowball Earth and the origin of oxygenic photosynthesis

Liang

Hartman

Kopp

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

106

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During Proterozoic time, Earth experienced two intervals with one or more episodes of low-latitude glaciation, which are probable ''Snowball Earth'' events. Although the severity of the historical glaciations is debated, theoretical ''hard Snowball'' conditions are associated with the nearly complete shutdown of the hydrological cycle. We show here that, during such long and severe glacial intervals, a weak hydrological cycle coupled with photochemical reactions involving water vapor would give rise to the sustained production of hydrogen peroxide. The photochemical production of hydrogen peroxide has been proposed previously as the primary mechanism for oxidizing the surface of Mars. During a Snowball, hydrogen peroxide could be stored in the ice; it would then be released directly into the ocean and the atmosphere upon melting and could mediate global oxidation events in the aftermath of the Snowball, such as that recorded in the Fe and Mn oxides of the Kalahari Manganese Field, deposited after the Paleoproterozoic low-latitude Makganyene glaciation. Low levels of peroxides and molecular oxygen generated during Archean and earliest Proterozoic non-Snowball glacial intervals could have driven the evolution of oxygen-mediating and -using enzymes and thereby paved the way for the eventual appearance of oxygenic photosynthesis.atmospheric processes ͉ Paleoproterozoic ͉ photochemistry

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Hydrogen Peroxide on the Surface of Europa

Cited by 290 publications

References 28 publications

Primary radicals production from water fragmentation by heavy ions

Primary radicals production from water fragmentation by heavy ions

Radiolysis of H₂O:CO₂ices by heavy energetic cosmic ray analogs

Production of hydrogen peroxide in the atmosphere of a Snowball Earth and the origin of oxygenic photosynthesis

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Hydrogen Peroxide on the Surface of Europa

Cited by 290 publications

References 28 publications

Primary radicals production from water fragmentation by heavy ions

Primary radicals production from water fragmentation by heavy ions

Radiolysis of H2O:CO2ices by heavy energetic cosmic ray analogs

Production of hydrogen peroxide in the atmosphere of a Snowball Earth and the origin of oxygenic photosynthesis

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Radiolysis of H₂O:CO₂ices by heavy energetic cosmic ray analogs