Hydrogen Production, Purification, Storage, Transportation, and Their Applications: A Review

Abstract

The world is looking for clean and green energy as substitution for fossil fuels to minimize the greenhouse effect and climate changes threatening our existence. Solar energy, wind energy, and hydrogen gas‐based energy are few examples of promising sources of energy alternatives to fossil fuels. Hydrogen gas‐based energy is in focus today due to its availability in plenty of combined forms such as water, hydrocarbons, natural gases, etc. However, its storage and transportation are major challenges due to the low volumetric density and explosive nature of hydrogen. The scientific community is in search of suitable, economically viable, and energy‐efficient storage systems and transportation of hydrogen gas. Based on numerous studies, surface adsorption of hydrogen by high surface area nanoporous solids such as carbon and metal–organic framework (MOF)‐based nanofiber materials are most suitable for storage applications. Electrospinning process provides a gateway for the preparation of lightweight, highly porous nanofibers for efficient hydrogen adsorption. Herein, the production and use of electrospun polymer nanofibers and MOFs for the storage and transportation of hydrogen are presented.

Recent Progress and Challenges in the Field of Metal–Organic Framework-Based Membranes for Gas Separation

“…The global energy crisis caused by increasing energy consumption calls for sustainable alternative energy sources. Although H 2 is the most promising energy source with high energy density and CO 2 -free emissions, more than 90% of H 2 is produced by the steam reforming process of natural gas using fossil fuel hydrocarbons, which emit CO 2 [73]. The produced H 2 is expected to be used as energy in fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), FC buses, and power generation; however, to date it has been used in large-scale processes in various industries, including petrochemicals, electronics, metallurgy, steelmaking, pharmaceuticals, and the production of raw material chemicals.…”

Hydrogen Production and Applications: A review

“…Additionally, another study focused on improving the efficiency and performance of refueling stations for Hydrogen [19]. Notably, one study achieved a cumulative hydrogen production rate surpassing the maximum reported for pure TiO2-based photocatalysts [20]. However, it's worth considering that solar energy may face limitations in meeting production requirements due to its availability primarily during the daytime, challenges related to shadows, and temperature variations.…”

Molecular Insights into the Impact of Surface Chemistry and Pressure on Quartz Wettability: Resolving Discrepancies for Hydrogen Geo-storage

“…1,2 However, H 2 is highly compressible, explosive, and volatile, posting challenges for large-scale surface storage techniques. 3,4 Alternatively, subsurface formations, e.g., salt deposits, aquifers, and depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, show great promise for large-scale hydrogen storage. 5−7 The wettability of the porous formations is vital in ensuring storage safety, efficiency, and capacity.…”

“…Hydrogen (H 2 ) is a clean and promising energy carrier to balance the mismatch between renewable energy demand and supply. , However, H 2 is highly compressible, explosive, and volatile, posting challenges for large-scale surface storage techniques. , Alternatively, subsurface formations, e.g., salt deposits, aquifers, and depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, show great promise for large-scale hydrogen storage. − The wettability of the porous formations is vital in ensuring storage safety, efficiency, and capacity. For instance, the wettability of sediment rocks is decisive in fluid transport behavior and fluid distribution.…”