“…[4][5][6] In the past few decades, non-renewable sources have been used to produce H 2 ; however, this depletes fossil fuel supplies and causes serious environmental issues. 7 In 1972, Fujishima et al 8 discovered photo-electrocatalytic H 2 generation from water splitting over a TiO 2 electrode. Recently, researchers have developed various semiconductor-based photocatalysts for H 2 evolution, including conjugated polymers, 9 nitrides, 10 suldes, 11 and oxides; 12 because of their low efficiency, poor stability, low charge separation, and high cost, such materials are restricted in practical applications.…”