Hydrogen Production Using TiO₂-Based Photocatalysts: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is one of the most widely used photocatalysts due to its physical and chemical properties. In this study, hydrogen energy production using TiO 2 -and titanatebased photocatalysts is discussed along with the pros and cons. The mechanism of the photocatalysis has been elaborated to pinpoint the photocatalyst for better performance. The chief characteristics and limitations of the TiO 2 photocatalysts have been assessed. Further, TiO 2 -based photocatalysts modified with a transition metal, transition metal oxide, noble metal, graphitic carbon nitride, graphene, etc. have been reviewed. This study will provide a basic understanding to beginners and detailed knowledge to experts in the field to optimize the TiO 2 -based photocatalysts for hydrogen production.

Improved photocatalytic performance via air‐plasma modification of titanium dioxide: Insights from experiments and simulations

“…Industrial activities, such as leather, paper, and textile production, generate hazardous waste containing the cationic dye, methylene blue (MB), which poses significant health risks and requires effective removal from industrial effluents [1,2]. Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) and its composites have emerged as highly versatile compounds with applications in hydrogen evolution reactions and sensor devices, but their most crucial application is as photocatalysts [3][4][5]. Materials comprising titanium oxide in various forms have displayed substantial potential as highly efficient photocatalysts for a wide range of reactions involved in water and air purification [6][7][8][9].…”

Review and Outlook of Hydrogen Production through Catalytic Processes

“…These photogenerated electrons in the conduction band subsequently reduce H + ions to form H 2 , while the holes on the semiconductor surface participate in the decomposition of H 2 O into O 2 and H + . 77 Efficient solar water splitting relies on photocatalysts that exhibit three crucial characteristics: first, a strong capacity to absorb visible light; second, minimal charge recombination, which ensures that separated electrons and holes remain available for reactions; and third, a large surface area conducive to facilitating surface reactions. 49 The design of stable molecular catalysts with low-cost and earthabundant transition metals is an attractive approach to the hydrogen economy.…”

Incorporation of Cu5FeS4 QDs with Abundant Oxygen Vacancy TiO2 QDs/TiO2 OVs: Double S-Scheme Photocatalysts for Effectual N2 Conversion to NH3 under Simulated Solar Light

“…Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is known as the most favorable photocatalyst among different photocatalysts in the field of nitrogen fixation due to its cheapness, abundance, and stability in aqueous solutions . However, the usage rate of this photocatalyst is low because it is only stimulated by short-wavelength lights in the UV region . Therefore, researchers are looking for ways to promote the efficiency of this semiconductor in the visible region because almost 5% of solar energy is UV rays.…”

“…7 However, the usage rate of this photocatalyst is low because it is only stimulated by short-wavelength lights in the UV region. 8 Therefore, researchers are looking for ways to promote the efficiency of this semiconductor in the visible region because almost 5% of solar energy is UV rays. The most satisfactory methods to improve the properties of TiO 2 are structural defect engineering, 9 particle size control, 10 and combination with other semiconductors.…”