Hydrogen production using wind energy from sea water: A case study on Southern and Northern coasts of Iran

Abstract

In recent decades, earth’s sharp population growth followed by increasing demand for energy has turned the energy and its current and future sources into much debated issues. Given the well-known consequences of excessive reliance on fossil energy sources, this study is concentrated on wind-powered hydrogen production by desalination of sea water and then subjecting the product to electrolysis. For this purpose, a coastal city was selected from each Iranian coastal province, and then the wind energy generation potential in these cities was evaluated by Weibull distribution function. The amount of energy to be generated by three commercially available wind turbines and the amount of desalinated water and hydrogen to be produced in each area were then evaluated. The results showed that the port of Anzali on the coast of the Caspian Sea has an average annual wind power density of 327 w/m2, and thus enjoys the best wind energy generation potential among the studied coastal areas. The annual energy generation to be achieved by one EWT direct wind 52/900 turbine installed in this port was found to be 2315.53 MWh, which is equivalent to 1804 tons of net annual CO2 emission reduction. The total energy output of the said turbine could be used to produce 439,950.7 m3 of treated water or 35,973.49 kg of hydrogen a year. Thus, a wind farm containing 55 of these turbines could provide enough power to produce the hydrogen needed to fuel all private cars in Anzali.

Fast and energetic AGN-driven outflows in simulated dwarf galaxies

“…photoionization, radiation pressure, or stellar winds) are required for SNe to couple to the interstellar medium (ISM) effectively and drive outflows (see e.g. Garrison-Kimmel et al 2014;Hopkins et al 2014;Kimm et al 2015;Smith et al 2018b;Emerick et al 2018). It is also yet unclear whether SN feedback could induce a change in the dark matter distribution from cusp to core (see e.g.…”

Sensitivity analysis of criteria to optimize wind farm localizing: A case study

“…Because the collected data for wind speed pertains to the height of 10 m and most common wind turbines in Iran, which are being used commercially, have height of 40 m, to obtain accurate results, it is essential to calculate the wind velocity at turbine blades. Thus, the α coefficient must be estimated through equation 5, and then the wind velocity can be gained at turbine tower (height of 40 m) by extrapolation using equation (6) (Rezaei et al, 2018a)…”

“…where P, T , and R d are the mean air pressure (Pa), the mean air temperature (K), and the gas constant for dry air (which equals 287 J/kg K), respectively (Rezaei et al, 2018a). Equation (9) contains two constants c and k called, respectively, scale parameter and shape parameter, which should be calculated by equations (11) and (12) (Rezaei et al, 2018b)…”

“…Like other renewable energy sources, wind power is geographically dispersed and decentralized and is available almost ubiquitously, but it has a fluctuating and unreliable nature (García-Bustamante et al, 2012;Patlakas et al, 2017) which occasionally makes its utilization problematic. Many countries have heavily invested in wind power industry, but leading countries in this respect are United States, France, China, and Germany, which account for the largest share of world's wind power generation (Kim and Paik, 2015;Najac et al, 2009;Shi et al, 2017) Thanks to growing relevance of renewable energies, there has been a steady increase in research on this area to meet the need for careful and expert investigation and scrutiny of all aspects and factors influencing this industry, including type of turbines and layout of installation (Masurowski et al, 2016;Pelletier et al, 2016), project location (Rezaei-Shouroki et al, 2017;Shaheen and Khan, 2016), combination of two or more renewable energies including wind and solar (Khare et al, 2016;Singh et al, 2016), economic yield (Effiom et al, 2016), technical-economic feasibility analysis (Dalabeeh, 2017), hydrogen production (Rezaei et al, 2018a), and the impact of climate change on wind resources (Pryor et al, 2005). One of the important venues of research on renewable energy is the sensitivity analysis of the criteria involved with the location of the site (Martin et al, 2016).…”

Assessment of Wind Energy Potential for the Production of Renewable Hydrogen in Sindh Province of Pakistan

“…With respect to the ongoing energy crisis, renewable hydrogen energy can play a vital role in the future and also minimize the effect of harmful greenhouse gasses (GHGs) that are not only damaging to Pakistan but to the whole world. Hydrogen as a transportation fuel has an auspicious potential to reduce GHG emissions and urban pollution significantly, and its fuel cell technologies have the potential for the end-user applications that are entirely more sustainable and advanced than commercial models [5]. The invention of hybrid vehicles in Pakistan have introduced a new era of non-fossil fuel-based applications.…”