Hydrogen Production via Water Electrolysis: The Benefits of a Solar Cell-Powered Process

Prediction of Limits of Solar‐to‐Hydrogen Efficiency from Polarization Curves of the Electrochemical Cells

“…Equation (4) describes the voltage efficiency of an EC cell with a Faradaic efficiency of 100%, which is realistic for optimized experimental EC cells. [8,47,48] Although details of the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions during water splitting are still under debate, [2,49] we have assumed ΔE ¼ 1.23 V, which is widely used in the literature, [1,[6][7][8][9][10][11][19][20][21][22][23][31][32][33][34][35][43][44][45][46][47][48][50][51][52][53][54][55] to calculate the EC voltage efficiency. In this section, we address the coupling and STH limit problems using the absolute currents of both PV and EC devices as well as the absolute total irradiance P in , which is practical if both devices have predefined areas.…”

“…In this section, we address the aspect of mutual scaling of the PV and EC devices, which may have a significant impact on the STH and coupling in PV-EC systems. [4,13,28,32,[38][39][40][41][42] As indicated by Chang et al, [32] an increase in the ratio of EC and PV active areas (A EC /A PV ) results in higher STH, but simultaneously requires a higher amount of costly electrolyzer materials and therefore faces economic constraints. To find a proper balance between energy efficiency and system cost, the effect of the A EC /A PV ratio on the STH limit must be quantified initially.…”

“…Both coupling and scaling are crucial inter-related issues for the minimization of energy losses in the PV-EC system and increasing its STH. Many studies have examined the coupling of various PV and EC devices, [4,10,14,16,18,22,23,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] their mutual scaling, [4,13,28,32,[38][39][40][41][42] and the limits of STH. [11,21,[43][44][45] In most cases, PV and EC devices are developed separately and then merged at a later stage.…”

Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis as a Promising Technology for Hydrogen Production and Energy Storage

“…Solar energy conversion into hydrogen by water splitting has been long studied by various research groups due to its easy scale-up nature. The state-of-the-art photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical system has an efficiency of 10 and 5%, respectively, in the direct conversion of solar to hydrogen (STH) [91]. To reduce the price of hydrogen and boost up the efficiency of STH, an electrolyzer cell (EC) can be coupled with a photovoltaic cell (PV), called photovol-taicÀwater electrolysis system (PV-EC) [92].…”

The Rollover Risk in Delta Tricycles: A New Rollover Index and Its Robust Mitigation by Rear Differential Braking

“…An alternative widely accepted by governments is to promote the change to electric transportation since generation of electrical energy can come from green or renewable sources that imply a much lower pollution, in addition to their transportation and commercialization is much more efficient [1][2][3]. The small vehicles technology has not been the exception to such change, and currently researchers are in full development to achieve an efficiency and economy comparable to those in internal combustion vehicles (see [4][5][6][7][8] and many others). For instance, commercialization of electric tricycles as a green substitute for rickshaws, auto rickshaws, tuk-tuks, and even wheelchairs and other devices for differently abled people, is growing day by day (Flyhorse, Jinhua Jiabao Vehicle Co., Ltd., Fengxian Hao Ran Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd., Jinyi Vehicle Co., Ltd., Chongqing Tengtian Group, and many others).…”