Hydrogen safety problems☆

Reider, Rob; Edeskuty, F.J.

doi:10.1016/0360-3199(79)90128-9

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…As mentioned above, high-pressure storage of hydrogen gas is limited by the weight of the storage canisters and possible leakage development. This imposes potential safety issues [25]. A promising way to replace the conventional hydrogen fuel storage methods is to use a solid state hydrogen carrier, which refers to any substance that can store and transport hydrogen in either a chemical or a physical state.…”

Section: Carrier Storage/transportationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Renewable energy carriers: Hydrogen or liquid air/nitrogen?

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2010

Applied Thermal Engineering

108

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The world's energy demand is met mainly by the fossil fuels today. The use of such fuels, however, causes serious environmental issues, including global warming, ozone layer depletion and acid rains. A sustainable solution to the issues is to replace the fossil fuels with renewable ones. Implementing such a solution, however, requires overcoming a number of technological barriers including low energy density, intermittent supply and mobility of the renewable energy sources. A potential approach to overcoming these barriers is to use an appropriate energy carrier, which can store, transport and distribute energy. The work to be reported in this paper aims to assess and compare a chemical energy carrier, hydrogen, with a physical energy carrier, liquid air/nitrogen, and discuss potential applications of the physical carrier. The ocean energy is used as an example of the renewable energy sources in the work. The assessment and comparison are carried out in terms of the overall efficiency, including production, storage/transportation and energy extraction. The environmental impact, waste heat recovery and safety issues are also considered. It is found that the physical energy carrier may be a better alternative to the chemical energy carrier under some circumstances, particularly when there are waste heat sources.

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Section: Carrier Storage/transportationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Renewable energy carriers: Hydrogen or liquid air/nitrogen?

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2010

Applied Thermal Engineering

108

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“…Mainly because of the accident to the airship Hindenburg, there is a belief among many people that hydrogen is a dangerous fuel. On the other hand, scientific studies comparing hydrogen with other fuels show that it is one of the safest of fuels (Lippert, 1976;Hord, 1978;Reider & Edeskuty, 1979;Brewer, 1982ft;Witcofski & Chirivella, 1982;Zweig, 1982;Knowlton, 1984).…”

Section: Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Solar-Hydrogen Energy System for Environmental Compatibility

Bockris

Везироглу

1985

Envir. Conserv.

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Our Biosphere, the only one known to exist, is under attack by various factors. Major culprits amongst these include fossil-fuel-produced air pollution, acidic precipitation (acid rains), and CO2. As we run out of petroleum and natural gas, the question becomes: what should the new energy-system be, so that the damage to The Biosphere and life can be stopped? In view of the rapid depletion of the main energy sources of the present, the fluid fossil-fuels, this paper analyses the various primary energy-options (such as coal, breeder reactors, fusion reactors, and solar energy), and also considers such possible energy-carriers as synthetic fossil-fuels and hydrogen. In this analysis, the environmental effects of various options are considered both qualitatively and quantitatively.It is concluded that the Hydrogen Energy-system is the most efficient and economical energy-system possible, and that it results in the environmentally most compatible and permanent energy-system when coupled with solar energy as the primary energy-source. It is important now that this information be disseminated among the public in general, and environmentalists in particular, so that the implementation of the solar-hydrogen economy can be started without delay, in order to minimize any further damage to The Biosphere and its living components.

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“…In many industrial applications, contaminant in fuel storage tanks, chemical and radiolytic generation of gases can create sensitive combustibles; under certain conditions the deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) or direct initiation of detonation could occur in these mixtures. Due to the high reaction sensitivity or hazardous properties of hydrogen, these issues are of particular concerns in term of safety [1][2][3][4] and had long been main focus in the field of hydrogen energy research [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. In particular, several studies have indeed been performed to understand the combustion and explosion characteristics of the hydrogen-nitrous oxide mixtures, notably at CalTech [14][15][16][17][18], US Bureau of Mines [19] and ICARE [20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical energy for direct initiation of spherical detonations in H2/N2O/Ar mixtures

Zhang

Mével

et al. 2011

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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Although the detonation phenomenon in hydrogen-nitrous oxide mixtures is a significant issue for nuclear waste storage facilities and development of propulsion materials, very limited amount of critical energy data for direct initiation  which provides a direct measure of detonability or sensitivity of an explosive mixture  is available in literature. In this study, the critical energies for direct blast initiation of spherical detonations in hydrogen-nitrous oxide-Ar mixtures obtained from laboratory experiments and theoretical predictions at different initial conditions (i.e., different initial pressure, equivalence ratio and amount of argon dilution) are reported. In the experiments, direct initiation is achieved via a spark discharge from a high voltage and low inductance capacitor and the initiation energy is estimated accordingly from the current output. Characteristic detonation cell sizes of hydrogen-nitrous oxide-Ar mixtures are estimated from chemical kinetics using a recently updated reaction mechanism. A correlation expression is developed as a function of initial pressure, argon dilution and equivalence ratio, which is fitted to provide good estimation of the experimental measured data. The direct link between cell size and critical energy for direct blast initiation is then analyzed. Good agreement is found between experimental results and theoretical predictions, which make use of the cell size estimation correlation and the semi-empirical surface energy model. The effects of the initial pressure, equivalence ratio and the amount of Ar dilution on the critical initiation energy H 2 -N 2 O-Ar mixtures are investigated. By comparing the critical energies with those of H 2 -O 2 -Ar mixtures, it is shown that H 2 -N 2 O mixtures are more detonation sensitive with smaller initiation energies than H 2 -O 2 mixtures at the same initial pressure, equivalence ratio and amount of argon dilution, except for higher diluted condition with amount of argon in the mixture above 20%. Attempt is made to explain the critical energy variation and comparison between the two H 2 -N 2 O-Ar and H 2 -O 2 -Ar mixtures from the induction length analysis and detonation instability consideration.

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Hydrogen safety problems☆

Cited by 17 publications

References 1 publication

Renewable energy carriers: Hydrogen or liquid air/nitrogen?

Renewable energy carriers: Hydrogen or liquid air/nitrogen?

A Solar-Hydrogen Energy System for Environmental Compatibility

Critical energy for direct initiation of spherical detonations in H2/N2O/Ar mixtures

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