Hydrogen storage

Langmi, Henrietta W.; Engelbrecht, Nicolaas; Modisha, Phillimon; Bessarabov, Dmitri

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819424-9.00006-9

Cited by 50 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…The most important problem concerning the hydrogen usage in transportation is its low energy content for volume unit. However, together with conventional physically based (compressed and liquid) storages, new material-based (adsorbent or absorbent) storages can provide technologically viable solutions [23]. Furthermore, ammonia can be a suitable hydrogen carrier [24].…”

Section: Hydrogen Gasolinementioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Estimation of a Downsized SI Engine Running with Hydrogen

et al. 2022

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Hydrogen is a carbon-free fuel that can be produced in many ways starting from different sources. Its use as a fuel in internal combustion engines could be a method of significantly reducing their environmental impact. In spark-ignition (SI) engines, lean hydrogen–air mixtures can be burnt. When a gaseous fuel like hydrogen is port-injected in an SI engine, working with lean mixtures, supercharging becomes very useful in order not to excessively penalize the engine performance. In this work, the performance of a turbocharged PFI spark-ignition engine fueled by hydrogen has been investigated by means of 1-D numerical simulations. The analysis focused on the engine behavior both at full and partial load considering low and medium engine speeds (1500 and 3000 rpm). Equivalence ratios higher than 0.35 have been considered in order to ensure acceptable cycle-to-cycle variations. The constraints that ensure the safety of engine components have also been respected. The results of the analysis provide a guideline able to set up the load control strategy of a SI hydrogen engine based on the variation of the air to fuel ratio, boost pressure, and throttle opening. Furthermore, performance and efficiency of the hydrogen engine have been compared to those of the base gasoline engine. At 1500 and 3000 rpm, except for very low loads, the hydrogen engine load can be regulated by properly combining the equivalence ratio and the boost pressure. At 3000 rpm, the gasoline engine maximum power is not reached but, for each engine load, lean burning allows the hydrogen engine achieving much higher efficiencies than those of the gasoline engine. At full load, the maximum power output decreases from 120 kW to about 97 kW, but the engine efficiency of the hydrogen engine is higher than that of the gasoline one for each full load operating point.

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Section: Hydrogen Gasolinementioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Estimation of a Downsized SI Engine Running with Hydrogen

et al. 2022

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“…Salt caverns are artificial underground cavities in salt domes or salt layers, characterized by exceptional gas tightness and inertness, created by the controlled injection of fresh water from the surface into the deposits [21,54] (Figure 2). As mentioned earlier, one of the first salt caverns used for pure hydrogen storage was built in the 1970s in Teesside, UK, where 25 GWh of hydrogen is now stored in three separate caverns at 45 bar pressure [21,55]. Two larger caverns are located in Texas (Moss Bluff and Spindletop), where the hydrogen storage capacity is approximately 120 GWh [55].…”

Section: Salt Cavernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The important factors are the thickness of the deposit and its composition. In the bedded salt formations, the appropriate thickness should be at least 200 m, whereas the minimum depth to top salt and a maximum As mentioned earlier, one of the first salt caverns used for pure hydrogen storage was built in the 1970s in Teesside, UK, where 25 GWh of hydrogen is now stored in three separate caverns at 45 bar pressure [21,55]. Two larger caverns are located in Texas (Moss Bluff and Spindletop), where the hydrogen storage capacity is approximately 120 GWh [55].…”

Section: Salt Cavernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the bedded salt formations, the appropriate thickness should be at least 200 m, whereas the minimum depth to top salt and a maximum As mentioned earlier, one of the first salt caverns used for pure hydrogen storage was built in the 1970s in Teesside, UK, where 25 GWh of hydrogen is now stored in three separate caverns at 45 bar pressure [21,55]. Two larger caverns are located in Texas (Moss Bluff and Spindletop), where the hydrogen storage capacity is approximately 120 GWh [55]. The great advantage of salt caverns for hydrogen storage is the unique physicochemical properties of rock salt (halite), where the most important are lack of water, low porosity and permeability, as well as chemical inertia towards hydrogen.…”

Section: Salt Cavernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogen Storage in Geological Formations—The Potential of Salt Caverns

et al. 2022

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Hydrogen-based technologies are among the most promising solutions to fulfill the zero-emission scenario and ensure the energy independence of many countries. Hydrogen is considered a green energy carrier, which can be utilized in the energy, transport, and chemical sectors. However, efficient and safe large-scale hydrogen storage is still challenging. The most frequently used hydrogen storage solutions in industry, i.e., compression and liquefaction, are highly energy-consuming. Underground hydrogen storage is considered the most economical and safe option for large-scale utilization at various time scales. Among underground geological formations, salt caverns are the most promising for hydrogen storage, due to their suitable physicochemical and mechanical properties that ensure safe and efficient storage even at high pressures. In this paper, recent advances in underground storage with a particular emphasis on salt cavern utilization in Europe are presented. The initial experience in hydrogen storage in underground reservoirs was discussed, and the potential for worldwide commercialization of this technology was analyzed. In Poland, salt deposits from the north-west and central regions (e.g., Rogóźno, Damasławek, Łeba) are considered possible formations for hydrogen storage. The Gubin area is also promising, where 25 salt caverns with a total capacity of 1600 million Nm3 can be constructed.

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“…Storage and distribution of H 2 on a large scale is the main challenge due to its low energy density in the gas form . H 2 storage can be categorized into physical-based (compressed gas/liquid/two phase), material-based (physical/chemical adsorption), and chemical-based methods (reformed organic fuels/liquid organic H 2 carriers (LOHCs)). − Figure illustrates various methods of H 2 storage based on physical, material, and chemical categorization. Standard H 2 storage tanks are used at an operating pressure of 350–700 bar and have not yet reached the storage gravimetric/volumetric target of 6.5 wt % or 0.050 kgH 2 /L for the desired driving range (the Department of Energy (DOE) targets for on-board H 2 storage). − The main challenges for liquid H 2 (LH 2 ) storage include its high specific energy consumption (SEC), low exergy efficiency, and inevitable boil-off gas (IBOG) losses. , The densities of liquid H 2 and high-pressure gas, are, respectively 70.8 and under 40 kg/m 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies To Improve the Performance of Hydrogen Storage Systems by Liquefaction Methods: A Comprehensive Review

et al. 2023

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The main challenges of liquid hydrogen (H2) storage as one of the most promising techniques for large-scale transport and long-term storage include its high specific energy consumption (SEC), low exergy efficiency, high total expenses, and boil-off gas losses. This article reviews different approaches to improving H2 liquefaction methods, including the implementation of absorption cooling cycles (ACCs), ejector cooling units, liquid nitrogen/liquid natural gas (LNG)/liquid air cold energy recovery, cascade liquefaction processes, mixed refrigerant systems, integration with other structures, optimization algorithms, combined with renewable energy sources, and the pinch strategy. This review discusses the economic, safety, and environmental aspects of various improvement techniques for H2 liquefaction systems in more detail. Standards and codes for H2 liquefaction technologies are presented, and the current status and future potentials of H2 liquefaction processes are investigated. The cost-efficient H2 liquefaction systems are those with higher production rates (>100 tonne/day), higher efficiency (>40%), lower SEC (<6 kWh/kgLH2), and lower investment costs (1–2 $/kgLH2). Increasing the stages in the conversion of ortho- to para-H2 lowers the SEC and increases the investment costs. Moreover, using low-temperature waste heat from various industries and renewable energy in the ACC for precooling is significantly more efficient than electricity generation in power generation cycles to be utilized in H2 liquefaction cycles. In addition, the substitution of LNG cold recovery for the precooling cycle is associated with the lower SEC and cost compared to its combination with the precooling cycle.

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Hydrogen storage

Cited by 50 publications

References 67 publications

Performance Estimation of a Downsized SI Engine Running with Hydrogen

Performance Estimation of a Downsized SI Engine Running with Hydrogen

Hydrogen Storage in Geological Formations—The Potential of Salt Caverns

Strategies To Improve the Performance of Hydrogen Storage Systems by Liquefaction Methods: A Comprehensive Review

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