Hydrogen Supplied ICEs and Fuel Cells for Commercial Vehicles

Abstract

In view of the limited availability of fossil fuels and the necessity to reduce the output of emissions of greenhouse gases in the long term, the transport sector needs efficient, environmentally compatible drive solutions. Hydrogen, as a clean and sustainable fuel, offers a high implementation potential and can be used both in internal combustion engines and in fuel cells. In urban deployment the fuel cell drive has specific advantages and is suitable for use in city buses. Integration of high‐power energy storage systems improves fuel consumption and can reduce the costs of the drive system. In May 2000 MAN presented its first fuel cell bus, which was successfully deployed in passenger transport in various cities. The next FC‐bus, using hybrid fuel cell propulsion, is planned under the framework of the Bavarian hydrogen project at Munich Airport and will be tested from spring 2004 on. The first deployment of pre‐series bus fleets with fuel cells using hydrogen as fuel can be expected from the end of this decade onwards.

High‐Performance Alkaline Polymer Electrolyte for Fuel Cell Applications

“…Although PEMFCs have been considered to be very promising, in particular for vehicle applications,1, 3, 6–9 there are still scientific and technological difficulties that hamper their widespread commercialization, among which is the unacceptable high cost. In a PEMFC, the graphite bipolar plates, the platinum catalysts, and the Nafion polyelectrolyte are the most expensive components.…”

Sıvı hidrojenli taşıtlar için yardımcı bir klima sistemi

“…There are some basic differences between Otto and Diesel cycles. These differences are specified in Table 2 [62,70,77,79]. SI engines take air and fuel mixture in intake stroke, compress it in the ratios of about 1/7-1/14, and ignite this compressed mixture by spark plugs.…”

“…In other respects, initial and maintenance costs of gasoline engines are lower than equivalent diesel engines, but it is vice versa for fuel consumption rates. Table 4 shows a comparison of gasoline, diesel and hydrogen in some items [1,69,77,79]. Since hydrogen does not include any carbon content as gasoline and diesel fuels do, hydrogen powered engines do not give main ICE emissions such as Carbon Monoxide (CO) or Hydrocarbon (HC) [80][81].…”

“…There are also some studies on LH 2 as an alternative fuel for air transportation [68,[74][75][76]. Another area that liquid hydrogen is used is clean energy vehicles such as hydrogen cars, hydrogen buses, and hydrogen forklifts [77]. Although some brands like GM/Opel have introduced the feasibility of LH 2 as a fuel in vehicles since 1960s [10], a rather excessive increase in demand are not encountered in this area, however, due to the reduction policies in carbon free vehicle emissions, a probable increasing demand can be expected in the near future.…”

Comparative Study of PEM Fuel Cell Models for Integration in Propulsion Systems of Urban Public Transport

“…The purpose of the compressor is to supply the inlet air mass flow to the cathode in order to maintain constant oxygen excess ratio k O 2 [3,16], equal to 2.5 in case of the commercial FC considered in this work. The oxygen excess ratio is defined as the ratio between the oxygen supplied and the oxygen used in the cathode.…”