Hydrogenation of succinic acid to tetrahydrofuran (THF) over ruthenium–carbon composite (Ru–C) catalyst

Hydrogenation of succinic acid to 1,4-butanediol over Re–Ru bimetallic catalysts supported on mesoporous carbon

“…According to the previous works [12,13], it was revealed that the decrement of catalytic activity in the hydrogenation of succinic acid was mainly attributed to the leaching of active metal species under the harsh reaction conditions. For the recycle test, the spent catalyst was separated from liquid product by filtration, washed with deionized water, and dried in a vacuum oven at 60 • C after each reaction test.…”

“…Succinic acid is first transformed into ␥-butyrolactone (GBL) by hydrogenation, and then BDO or tetrahydrofuran (THF) is formed through consecutive hydrogenation of GBL [4]. For the catalytic conversion of succinic acid, various noble metal catalysts such as Pd [7][8][9], Pt [10], Rh [10], Ru [11,12], and Re [13] have been investigated. Among these catalysts, rhenium has been considered as the most efficient monometallic catalyst for the selective formation of BDO.…”

Hydrogenation of succinic acid to γ-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol over mesoporous rhenium–copper–carbon composite catalyst

“…It is known that dispersion of active sites can be controlled by modifying textural property and metal-support interaction of the catalyst [17][18][19]. In this respect, we have investigated mesoporous metal-carbon composite catalysts such as Re-C and Ru-C for practical application to hydrogenation of succinic acid [20][21][22]. However, the previous preparation methods for mesoporous metal-carbon composite catalysts required many preparation steps and H 2 SO 4 post-treatment step to yield mesoporosity of carbon, which caused aggregation and leaching of the metal particles.…”

Combining Bio- and Chemo-catalysis for the Sustainable Production of Chemicals

“…Nowadays, carbon is usually selected as support materials for its controllable porosity, non-toxicity, interactive functions at the surface, and hydrophobic property [107]. Song et al introduced ruthenium-mesoporous carbon composite (Ru-XC) catalysts, which was prepared by an incipient wetness impregnation method into this system [102]. They found that ruthenium dispersion played a key role in determining the catalytic performance in the hydrogenation of succinic acid.…”

“…Ruthenium-based catalyst was considered as an efficient catalyst for the hydrogenation of succinic acid [99][100][101]. A series of important chemical products including 1,4-butaniol (BDO), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and γ-butyrolactone (GBL) could be obtained via direct hydrogenation of SA or diethyl succinate [101,102]. BDO is an important raw material for the production of polyesters and polyurethanes.…”