Hydrogeochemical evolution, water quality indices, irrigation suitability and pollution index of groundwater (PIG) around eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria

GIS-based groundwater quality assessment for domestic and irrigation purposes in Ogbia local government area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria

“…This is owing to natural filtering, anaerobic decomposition, and ion exchange processes that purify groundwater in the soil column. This is one of the reasons for the rapid increase in groundwater usage among most rural and urban residents (Yammani, 2007;Akakuru et al, 2022). Groundwater importance and fragility, necessitated the need for careful management to enhance quality, usability, and sustainability.…”

“…According to research, the value of groundwater is determined not by its availability or broad occurrence in nature, but by its quality, which makes it suitable for the desired objectives (Chapman, 1996;WHO, 2011;Mohamed et al 2020;Magha et al, 2021;Akakuru et al, 2022). As a result, contamination of groundwater is defined as when the quality features of the water have changed beyond their natural expected attributes as a result of the direct or indirect introduction of particular contaminants (Ramesh, 2001;Magha et al, 2021).…”

“…This is due to crude oil spillage and iron contamination among others. Previous studies in the area established that growing urbanization (industrialization), exploding population and intensive agriculture as contributing factors to groundwater quality deterioration (Nwankwoala, 2011;Udom et al, 2013;Oyinkuro and Rowland, 2017;Akakuru et al, 2022). This study used integrated hydro-chemical and geographic information system (GIS) techniques in delineating groundwater quality distribution while water quality index (WQI) and irrigation indices in order to estimate the overall suitability of the groundwater resource for public utilization and agricultural irrigation.…”

“…This method has recently proven beneficial in assessing water quality and monitoring geographical information about water resources. WQI is one of the most useful methods for assessing the quality of drinking water very effectively and efficiently (Boyd, 2000;Magha et al, 2021;Akakuru et al, 2022) and it can be computed in a variety of ways (Saha and Paul 2020). Regardless of the methods, the aggregate of several water quality parameters is obtainable in a single dimensionless digit expressing the drinking water quality that has a connection to human health (Tiwari et al, 2014).…”

Potential health risk and level of heavy metal in groundwater in the highly-dense area of Akure, Southwestern Nigeria

“…Water is needed for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes. In areas with limited surface water, many of these uses primarily rely on groundwater resources (Sakyi 2016; Eyankware et al, 2021a;Akakuru et al, 2022). Particularly in densely inhabited places like Shoprite, Green Park Motel, and Ilesa Garage, swimming, animals, vehicles, and even laundry all have the potential to contaminate Akure's groundwater.…”