Hydrogeochemical properties and the exhaustion groundwater reserve from Dammam aquifer at Al-Najaf Governorate, middle Iraq

Abstract

One of Iraq’s most significant groundwater-bearing limestone aquifers is the Dammam Formation. The aquifer groundwater has been studied hydrogeochemically. It is suitable for irrigation, as indicated by sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and total dissolved solids (TDS), which are 4.15 and 1971 ppm (in average) respectively. Through the vision of the Stiff diagram, the predominant ions are Cl-, SO4 2+ and Na+ while the HCO-3 and Mg2+ are relatively poor. There is plenty of flowing wells in the study area in Najaf Governorate producing groundwater from the Dammam aquifer. In recent years, many wells have been drilled in an irregular pattern for forming fish breeding lakes. These lakes’ water drains 4.715 m3/s into the Najaf depression by Wadi Al- Khur and artificial channels, where it mixes with brine water, rendering it useless. This lead to the exhaustion huge amount of precious groundwater resource. Many signs that confirm the Piezometric pressure drop and groundwater levels descent in the Dammam aquifer in the region. The groundwater flow has been halted in several flowing wells in the study area especially in Wadi Al-Khur due to the exhaustion of the reserve and a decrease in the level of the hydrostatic pressure of the aquifer. A significant decline in values transmissivity and specific capacity of the Dammam aquifer when compared with previous studies in the years 1996 and 2009. Through observation of the monitoring well (W/7), a decrease in groundwater levels of flowing wells in the study area.

Hydrochemical Study of Artesian wells in Babylon Governorate - Middle of Iraq

“…The significant decrease in hydraulic indicators of permeability and specific capacity values is found in the groundwater the Dammam aquifer in the west of Iraq [4]. In addition, through the observation of the measuring well (W/7) the ground water level of the flowing well in the study area has significantly decreased and declined [4]. Groundwater quality was studded in selected areas in southern Babylon/Iraq Governorate.…”

“…The variation of the sedimentary structure along the southern section of the southern section of the Al-Masab Al-Aam Canal extending from Nasiriyah-Basra obtained relationship between sulfate concentration and mineral saturation coefficient tends to increase with the solubility of most minerals [3]. The significant decrease in hydraulic indicators of permeability and specific capacity values is found in the groundwater the Dammam aquifer in the west of Iraq [4]. In addition, through the observation of the measuring well (W/7) the ground water level of the flowing well in the study area has significantly decreased and declined [4].…”

“…The study area's magnesium ratio values range from 69 to 85. 4 3.9. The Kelly's Ratio (KR) Kelley's ratio could easily be used to figure out the sodium issue in irrigation water.…”

Pumping Test for Dammam Confined Aquifer and Geochemical Specification Within Najaf Governorate Iraq

“…Table (3) shows the hydraulic properties of this well and Fig. (7) shows the procedure for analyzing hydraulic properties.…”