Hydrogeological System of Injana Formation in Salahaddin Governorate/ Iraq

Abstract

Injana Formation is the most extended geological formation in Salahaddin Governorate/ Iraq. About 10% of the studied area is covered by the outcrops of the formation as a recharge area. The formation is a subsurface within the unsaturated zone in 5% of the total studied area, while it exists within the saturated zone in about 85%; it is a major confined groundwater aquifer. Therefore, the hydrogeological system of the layers needs to be re-evaluated to describe the successions of aquifers and confining layers and their relation with each other.
 The lithology, depths, water table, saturated thickness, hydraulic characteristics of the aquifers, and the lateral and vertical variations of these characteristics were adopted to classify the hydrogeological system. The lithological composition is mainly composed of alternating successions of claystone, siltstone and sandstone with some differentiation within the studied area.
 The Quaternary and, occasionally, the Mukdadiya Formations are dry or of secondary aquifer, except in limited areas of the governorate. Injana Formation represents the major upper aquifer in the area, especially in the western bank of Tigris River. The outcrops of the formation are adjacent to Makhul and Hamrin anticlines; while Al-Tharthar valley represents a recharge area for the groundwater. In the remaining parts of the studied area, the formation represents the main deeper of a confined to semi-confined groundwater aquifer.
 The general direction of the groundwater movement in this hydrogeological system is towards the discharge area represented by Tigris River and Tharthar Lake, which is compatible with the topographic slope. The formation is classified as a multi-layer aquifer hydrogeological system.

Genetic and Phenotypic Trend and Inbreeding Effects for Sexual and Egg Production Traits of Iraqi Local Chickens

“…The average EW was 44.80 g, EN was 109.32 eggs per hen and EM was 4887.72 g for the first 24 weeks of the laying period. In the study reported by Abdulla[19], EN recorded for 20 weeks of laying, BWSM, EW and daily EM in two strains of Iraqi local chickens was about 81.97 eggs per hen, 1252.…”

“….1088/1755-1315/1262/7/072017 6 surrounding flocks of study. In many previous research[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23], the genetic progress was achieved but not shown in the phenotypic level in Iranian local chickens under selection for various economical traits.…”

Effect of Alar and Light Intensity on the Leaves Content of some Nutrients and Chemical Compounds of Juniper Plant (Juniperus Sabina L.)

“…This has been achieved not only by reducing cell elongation but also by reducing the rate of cell division and physiologically regulating plant height [10]. Alar (Daminozide) is a fast-moving compound that moves to all parts of the plant, it is found in several trade names such as Alar-85, Kylar-85, B-Nine and Succinic Acid, and it may exist freely or in the form of ionized acid and cause obstruction of growth and early flowering of some plants [11,12]. The effect of alar varies according to the method of use, the intensity and quality of lighting, the temperature of the night and day, the type of cultivation medium when the addition is through the soil [13] and the molecular formula of the alar is C 6 H 12 N 2 O 3 , and its molecular weight is 160, and its chemical name is 2,2 dimethyl hydrazide Succinic Acid [14].…”

Groundwater situation before production and after production stoppage in Al-Mishraq Sulfur field-1, northern Iraq

“…While of the Injana formation (Upper Miocene). It unfolds in a narrow space, especially along the southwestern edge of the region, and consists of layers of clay, marl, and sandstone [8], [9].…”