Hydrogeology and Hydrogeochemistry of Saline Groundwater Seepage Zones in Wadi Bani Malik Basin, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Impacts on Soil and Water Resources

Abstract

The water seepage zone affects dryland salinity, soil sodicity, land degradation, waterlogging, and rainfall pollution. The priority in terms of the remediation measures was determining the cause of the seepages. Nine water and six soil samples were collected from the Al Tayseer area of the Wadi Bani Malik, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (SA). The water samples were analyzed for major and toxic metals. For the soil samples, granulometric analysis and infiltration rate analysis were performed. The total dissolved solids (TDS) in water seepages ranged from 1880 to 54,499, whereas boron (B) and iron (Fe) values ranged from 1.9 to 38 mg/L and 0.02 and 0.47 mg/L, respectively. These concentrations were the same for the aquifer in Lake Al Misk, confirming that groundwater infiltration from the lake area was the main reason for the water seepage. The concentrations of silica (Si), aluminum (Al), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb) were low, indicating that there was no contamination. The nitrate (NO32−) value ranged from 2.2 to 35 mg/L, indicating agricultural wastewater contribution. According to the granulometric examination, most sediment was sand, followed by gravel, with few fine-grain particles. The infiltration rate ranged from 85 to 864 cm/d, indicating significant leakage. The percentage of ferrugination, ferromagnesian, OH-bearing, and carbonate (CO₃2−) minerals is determined by the 4/2, 5/6, and 6/7 band ratios.

Mapping Groundwater Prospective Zones Using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System Techniques in Wadi Fatima, Western Saudi Arabia

“…Precipitation is one of the essential hydrologic components that has been standard as a significant basis of aquifer recharge and a primary source of groundwater availability, especially in arid areas [101,102]. Rainfall percolation within the soil promotes the shallow aquifers to be recharged, and the precipitation significantly affects percolation.…”

“…Notably, these lineaments facilitate the recharge of rainfall and contribute to the replenishment of hard-rock aquifers. Numerous studies have emphasized the correlation between lineament density and well productivity, underscoring that a higher density of lineaments is associated with increased groundwater availability and, consequently, greater well yields [100,102]. The area is classified into five classes (Figure 4d) including 0-7.95, 7.…”