Hydrographic conditions in the Fram Strait, summer 1982

Farrelly, B.; Gammelsrød, Tor; Golmen, L.; Sjöberg, Björn

doi:10.3402/polar.v3i2.6954

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…As it is assumed that there is no flow of deep water through Section 8, this flow must then contribute to the transport through Sections 13 or 14. For the deep flow through Section 9 we apply the same temperature as for the deep water in the Fram Strait (∼−0.4°C [ Schauer et al , 2004]), whereas a salinity of 34.9 is used [ Farrelly et al , 1985]. Due to the compensating flows there will be no net flow through the cross‐section.…”

Section: Study Area Data Sources and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat and freshwater budgets of the Nordic seas computed from atmospheric reanalysis and ocean observations

2011

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[1] The heat and freshwater budgets of the Nordic seas are computed from atmospheric reanalysis data and ocean observations, mainly taken during the period 1990-1999. The total heat loss is 198 TW and the freshwater gain 52 mSv (1 Sv = 10 6 m 3 s −1 ), with residuals equal to 1 TW and 3 mSv, respectively. Budgets are also computed for three subregions within the Nordic seas: the Norwegian Sea, the Barents Sea and the Greenland/ Iceland Sea. Without accounting for transfer of heat and freshwater across the Arctic Front, which separates the Greenland/Iceland Sea from the Norwegian Sea, the residuals of the heat and freshwater budgets range from −36 TW to 34 TW and from −16 mSv to 19 mSv, respectively. To close the budgets of all subregions cross-frontal fluxes of −35 TW and 17 mSv, caused either by eddy shedding along the Arctic Front or ocean currents not accounted for, must be included. Combined with observations of the average temperature and salinity on both sides of the Arctic Front these values indicate a rate of cross-frontal water exchange of approximately 4 Sv. The most intense water mass modifications occur in the Norwegian Sea, where ocean heat loss and freshwater input are equal to 119 TW and 41 mSv, respectively.

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Section: Study Area Data Sources and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat and freshwater budgets of the Nordic seas computed from atmospheric reanalysis and ocean observations

2011

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“…on the continental shelf ), colder and less saline water is transported northward by the Spitsbergen Polar Current. This water is presumed to originate from Polar water derived from the Arctic Ocean which passes westward round the southern end of Spitsbergen (Sùrkapp Current) before turning northwards along the coast of western Spitsbergen (Helland-Hansen & Nansen, 1912;Farrelly et al, 1985).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Diving behaviour and foraging habitats of Brünnich's guillemots (Uria lomvia) breeding in the High‐Arctic

2001

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The foraging behaviour of Bru È nnich's guillemots Uria lomvia was studied in a high-arctic fjord system (Kongsfjorden) in western Spitsbergen. The physical oceanographic characteristics of the water change from the head of the fjord and westward into the Greenland Sea, and are re¯ected in the vertical pro®les of water temperatures in different parts of the area. Nine chick-rearing Bru È nnich's guillemots were instrumented with temperature-depth recorders, which generated vertical temperature pro®les of the dives. These were compared to synoptic measurements of the water temperature characteristics of the region. This method was used to locate the foraging areas of the Bru Ènnich's guillemots and to study the foraging site ®delity of individual birds. The results showed that only three of the nine birds foraged outside Kongsfjorden during the study period, and only 26 of the 186 dive bouts (14%) were conducted outside the fjord, 48±58 km from the colony. Most dives were probably made only a few kilometres from the colony. The data indicate that the birds showed strong ®delity to foraging areas at spatial scales of 1±20 km. However, the birds sometimes moved between feeding areas characterized by different vertical temperature pro®les. The guillemots made 2229 dives during the study period and spent c. 10% of their time under water. The diving depth averaged 45 m, and the dive duration averaged 97 s. The deepest dive recorded was 136 m and lasted 196 s. We did not ®nd any diel rhythm in the diving depths of the Bru È nnich's guillemots. Also, we found no diel pattern in diving frequency. These ®ndings contradict the predominance of night-time diving observed in studies of guillemots undertaken further south.

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“…The major southward outflow from the Arctic Ocean occurs in the East Greenland Current, and the northward inflow is in the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC). The WSC follows the continental slope which splits at the junction of the Yermak Plateau and the Spitsbergen continental shelf about 79°N [Figure 1; Aagaard et al , 1987; Farrelly et al , 1985; Perkin and Lewis , 1984]. The Svalbard Branch of the WSC follows the upper slope along the 400‐m contour, across the neck of the Yermak Plateau, and along the north side of Spitsbergen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrography of the West Spitsbergen Current, Svalbard Branch: Autumn 2001

2008

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The Atlantic inflow is the primary source of water and heat to the Arctic Ocean. A large portion enters through Fram Strait where it splits into the Yermak and Svalbard Branches. In October to November 2001 the USCGC Healy occupied five oceanographic transects across the Svalbard Branch west and north of Spitsbergen. Temperature and salinity sections show the warm, salty Atlantic Water cooling and freshening as it flows along the continental slope for 553 km. The temperature in the upper 500 m of the water column decreased by 0.25°C/(100 km) implying a heat flux across the sea surface of up to 520 W/m2 if one assumes a nominal current of speed of 0.1 m/s. A temperature‐salinity (T‐S) analysis shows that the shape of the T‐S curves can be explained in terms of the ratio of the atmospheric‐to‐ice‐melt heat flux. The observations imply that ice melt accounts for progressively more surface cooling as the flow moves toward the Arctic Ocean. An autonomous underwater vehicle completed a vertical section in the region of maximum water mass gradient and revealed layer interleaving in fine detail. Data from this cruise extend a long time series of Atlantic layer source temperature beginning in 1910 (Saloranta and Haugan, 2001). The extended observations show that after the temperature of the Atlantic layer inflow reached a peak in 1992, it cooled to a minimum in 1998 and rose again through 2001.

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Hydrographic conditions in the Fram Strait, summer 1982

Cited by 3 publications

References 5 publications

Heat and freshwater budgets of the Nordic seas computed from atmospheric reanalysis and ocean observations

Heat and freshwater budgets of the Nordic seas computed from atmospheric reanalysis and ocean observations

Diving behaviour and foraging habitats of Brünnich's guillemots (Uria lomvia) breeding in the High‐Arctic

Hydrography of the West Spitsbergen Current, Svalbard Branch: Autumn 2001

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