“…where h represents the water depth (m), u and v represent the velocities in the x and y directions, respectively (m/s), S 0,x and S 0,y represent the bed slopes in the x and y directions, respectively, S f,x and S f,y represent the frictional forces in the x and y directions, respectively, q 1D denotes the discharge per unit area (m 3 /s), and u 1D and v 1D represent the velocities of q 1D in the x and y directions, respectively (m/s). Next, 120 rainfall scenarios comprising six common rainfall patterns in Zhengzhou (Figure 4) combined with 20 return periods (1,2,3,4,5,7,10,20,30,40,50,70,100,200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 800, and 1000a) were input into the InfoWorks ICM model to simulate the water depth for each triangular mesh. Finally, a heavy rainfall inundation dataset was constructed based on the design rainfall data and simulated results from the InfoWorks ICM model.…”