Hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose over carbons sulfonated at elevated temperatures

Abstract

The hydrolysis of cellulose over sulfonated carbons was promoted greatly by elevating the sulfonation temperature. With 250 degrees C-sulfonated CMK-3 as a catalyst, the cellulose was selectively hydrolyzed into glucose with the glucose yield as high as 74.5%, which is the highest level reported so far on solid acid catalysts.

Synthesis of renewable diesel with the 2-methylfuran, butanal and acetone derived from lignocellulose

“…H-Y (SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 = 4) and H-ZSM-5 (SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 = 140) were provided by Nankai University. Sulfated active carbon, sulfated CMK-3 and sulfated MC (denoted as AC-SO 3 H, CMK-3-SO 3 H and MC-SO 3 H) were homemade according to the method described in our previous work (Pang et al, 2010). As the precursor, 2.0 g carbon material was added to 30 mL concentrated sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 , 98%) in a glass tube at room temperature.…”

1D Lignin-Based Solid Acid Catalysts for Cellulose Hydrolysis to Glucose and Nanocellulose

“…31 The solid acid catalysts from ligninbased ACFs have several advantages and desired attributes over other solid acid catalysts for hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose. Lignin, an abundant and underutilized biomass fraction, is an excellent carbon precursor, and lignin chars are less recalcitrant than rigid graphitic carbons, such as carbon nanotubes, 18 to be readily sulfonated by concentrated sulfuric acid, a much safer alternative than the commonly used fuming sulfuric acid for sulfonation of graphitic carbons. These 1D solid acid catalysts can be directly mixed with untreated semicrystalline cellulose.…”

“…Various solid acid catalysts, such as zeolite, 3−6 silica, 7−12 hydrous zirconia, 12 nafion 13−15 and carbons, 16−19 have been developed for common chemical reactions, including esterification, 3,12,16 alcohol dehydration, 7,13 and hydrolysis. 18,19 Solid catalysts have also been reported in the hydrolysis of cellulose for biofuel production, including nafion, 15 zeolite, 20 Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles bearing mesoporous silica, 21 nano Zn-Ca-Fe oxide, 22 as well as a wide range of cellulose chars and activated carbon particulates. 18,19,23−29 Among them, carbon solid acid catalysts have exhibited particularly high activity because of their high acid densities and strong interactions with the β-1,4-glycosidic bonds in cellulose.…”

“…28 An exceptional 74% glucose yield was achieved under hydrothermal conditions using sulfonated ordered mesoporous carbon derived from a silica template. 18 However, either ball milling 18,26,29 or ionic liquid dissolution of cellulose 27 was necessary to enhance contact or diffusion to destruct the crystalline structure of cellulose. To overcome the accessibility issue, smaller Zn-Ca-Fe oxide nanoparticle catalysts have been shown to significantly increase the hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose into glucose and oligosaccharides.…”

Hydrolysis of Sugars Using Magnetic Silica Nanoparticles with Sulfonic Acid Groups

“…510 SO 3 H-appended carbon materials including sulfonated activated carbon, 5 amorphous carbon, 6 mesoporous carbon, 7 and silica/carbon hybrids 8 are found to be active for the reaction. Although these sulfonated materials are potential candidates, further developments of solid acids are required because the hydrolysis is carried out at the interface between the solid surface and macromolecular cellulose, resulting in poor accessibility of the substrate with active sites.…”