Hydrolyzable nonionic surfactants: Stability and physicochemical properties of surfactants containing carbonate, ester, and amide bonds

Synthesis and Properties of Gemini‐type Cationic Surfactants Containing Carbonate Linkages in the Linker Moiety Directed Toward Green and Sustainable Chemistry

“…Biodegradable pyridinium-type amphiphiles already have been synthesized [19]. It also has been reported that nonionic and cationic surfactants containing carbonate linkages show hydrolytic stability and biodegradability [20]. In this report, novel gemini-type cationic surfactants having both biodegradability and chemical recyclability were designed and synthesized as a green and sustainable surfactant.…”

Synthesis and Properties of Green Sustainable Carbonate-type Nonionics Containing Polyoxyethylene Chains

“…These results implied that the oxycarbonyl part of the carbonate linkage provides the same hydrophobic contribution as a methylene group. There existed a relationship between the alkyl chain length and the cmc, such that the addition of an extra methylene group decreased the cmc of the nonionics by a factor of three 10 .…”

“…The biodegradation of the synthesized nonionics containing carbonate linkages may fi rst occur at the enzymatically hydrolyzable carbonate linkages by environmental microbes with the evolution of carbon dioxide forming low-molecular weight fragments. Further microbial assimilation of the primary degradation products then follows 10 . Figure 8 shows the time courses of the BOD-biodegradation BOD/ThOD 100 of mC-nEG and aniline, as a reference.…”

Surfactants Containing Hydrolyzable Bonds

“…By comparing the rate of base-catalyzed hydrolysis of a linear carbonate surfactant and a linear ester surfactant it was found that the carbonate bond was more stable against alkaline hydrolysis than the ester bond [35]. The time needed to hydrolyze 50% of the carbonate surfactant was twice as long as the time needed to hydrolyze 50% of the ester surfactant.…”

“…In comparative tests such carbonate surfactants biodegrade somewhat faster than the corresponding surfactants containing an ester bond [35]. The carbonate bond is not only susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis a Uncertain due to the non-distinct slope of the surface tension isotherm but also to heat, which can be used as an alternative trigger for surfactant cleavage.…”