Hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome of broiler poultry: current status of research

Effects of Polyether Ionophores on the Protective Immune Responses of Broiler Chickens against Angara Disease and Newcastle Disease Viruses

“…The disease was first documented near Angara Goth, Karachi, Pakistan in 1987 (Khawaja et al, 1988;Ahmad et al, 1989;Muneer et al, 1989) and since then it has been reported in several other countries including India, Mexico, Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Iraq, Russia and Japan (Abdul-Aziz and Al-Attar, 1991;Gowda and Satyanrayana, 1994;Cowen et al, 1996;Shane, 1996;Singh et al, 1996;Voss et al, 1996;Borisov et al, 1997;Shane and Jaffery, 1997;Abe et al, 1998;Mazaherri et al, 1998;Toro et al, 1999;Ganesh and Raghavan, 2000;Nakamura et al, 2002Nakamura et al, , 2003. Although the disease primarily affects 3-to 6-week-old broiler flocks with mortality up to 80% (Ganesh and Raghavan, 2000;Shivachandra et al, 2003), occasional outbreaks of AD in layer flocks with mortality up to 10% have also been reported (Chandra et al, 2000). The disease is characterized by sudden onset, hydropericardium, nephritis, and inclusion body hepatitis in clinically healthy broiler chickens (Naeem et al, 1995;Oberoi et al, 1996;Ganesh and Raghavan, 2000;Nakumara et al, 2002;Shivachandra et al, 2003;Kumar and Chandra, 2004).…”

“…Newcastle disease (ND) virus (NDV) and Angara disease (AD) virus (ADV) vaccines are the mainstays of a broiler flock vaccination programme, while drugs such as salinomycin or monensin usually form the essential component of a broiler medication programme in most parts of India and Pakistan (Chaudhry, 1991;Naeem et al, 1995;Nazimud-Din, 1998;Ganesh and Raghavan, 2000; personal observation). Newcastle disease virus, an avian paramyxovirus serotype 1, is a member of the genus Avulovirus within the family Paramyxoviridae (Mayo, 2002a,b).…”

“…Angara disease (AD), also known as hydropericardium syndrome (HPS), is an emerging and increasingly spreading disease with severe economic consequences, especially for the broiler industries of two developing countries, India and Pakistan (Muneer et al, 1989;Afzal and Ahmad, 1990;Naeem et al, 1995;Ganesh and Raghavan, 2000;Shivachandra et al, 2003;Kumar and Chandra, 2004). The disease was first documented near Angara Goth, Karachi, Pakistan in 1987 (Khawaja et al, 1988;Ahmad et al, 1989;Muneer et al, 1989) and since then it has been reported in several other countries including India, Mexico, Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Iraq, Russia and Japan (Abdul-Aziz and Al-Attar, 1991;Gowda and Satyanrayana, 1994;Cowen et al, 1996;Shane, 1996;Singh et al, 1996;Voss et al, 1996;Borisov et al, 1997;Shane and Jaffery, 1997;Abe et al, 1998;Mazaherri et al, 1998;Toro et al, 1999;Ganesh and Raghavan, 2000;Nakamura et al, 2002Nakamura et al, , 2003. Although the disease primarily affects 3-to 6-week-old broiler flocks with mortality up to 80% (Ganesh and Raghavan, 2000;Shivachandra et al, 2003), occasional outbreaks of AD in layer flocks with mortality up to 10% have also been reported (Chandra et al, 2000).…”

“…Although the disease primarily affects 3-to 6-week-old broiler flocks with mortality up to 80% (Ganesh and Raghavan, 2000;Shivachandra et al, 2003), occasional outbreaks of AD in layer flocks with mortality up to 10% have also been reported (Chandra et al, 2000). The disease is characterized by sudden onset, hydropericardium, nephritis, and inclusion body hepatitis in clinically healthy broiler chickens (Naeem et al, 1995;Oberoi et al, 1996;Ganesh and Raghavan, 2000;Nakumara et al, 2002;Shivachandra et al, 2003;Kumar and Chandra, 2004). The aetiological agent of the AD is serotype-4 avian adenovirus (Muneer et al, 1989;Afzal and Ahmad, 1990;Naeem et al, 1995;Oberoi et al, 1996;Ganesh and Raghavan, 2000;Nakumara et al, 2002;Shivachandra et al, 2003;Kumar and Chandra, 2004).…”

“…The disease is characterized by sudden onset, hydropericardium, nephritis, and inclusion body hepatitis in clinically healthy broiler chickens (Naeem et al, 1995;Oberoi et al, 1996;Ganesh and Raghavan, 2000;Nakumara et al, 2002;Shivachandra et al, 2003;Kumar and Chandra, 2004). The aetiological agent of the AD is serotype-4 avian adenovirus (Muneer et al, 1989;Afzal and Ahmad, 1990;Naeem et al, 1995;Oberoi et al, 1996;Ganesh and Raghavan, 2000;Nakumara et al, 2002;Shivachandra et al, 2003;Kumar and Chandra, 2004). It is widely documented that the use of immunosuppressive agents predisposes to the development of AD and/or to increase in the virulence of the AD virus (Naeem et al, 1995;Shane and Jaffery, 1997;Ganesh and Raghavan, 2000;Shivachandra et al, 2003).…”