The
design of efficient photocatalysts for dye degradation is a
challenging task for the scientific community. Semiconductor-based
photocatalysts such as g-C3N4 and oxides, utilizing
solar energy, have been proven to be effective and promising approaches
to resolve this issue to some extent. Constructing Z-scheme heterostructures
by coupling g-C3N4 with suitable oxide semiconductors
has shown substantial enhancement of the photocatalytic performance.
In this article, perovskite-type CeMnO3 (5, 15, 25%) nanoparticle-decorated
g-C3N4 nanosheets are fabricated as heterostructures,
using a hydrothermal synthesis process, for efficient photocatalysis
of organic dyes. The formations of heterostructures are confirmed
through structural, microstructural, and elemental state analysis.
Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda
(BJH) characterization techniques exhibited enhanced surface area
and pore sizes, respectively. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis)
diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Mott–Schottky, and
linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) analyses along with density functional
theory (DFT) calculations predicted a p–n junction heterostructure.
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies revealed a broad spectrum
with sextet hyperfine lines corresponding to Mn4+ and Mn2+ ions and enhanced intensity as compared to the parent ones,
signifying the creation of oxygen vacancies in the heterostructure.
The CeMnO3 (25 wt %)/g-C3N4 heterostructure
showed highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue
under direct sunlight irradiation, with up to 99% degradation achieved
in 120 min and excellent recyclability. The robustness of this photocatalyst
was tested by adopting a similar process for methylene orange dye
degradation, exhibiting 94% yield in 120 min. A tentative degradation
mechanism is proposed based on the enhanced photodegradation efficiency
and results obtained from electrochemical impedance (EIS), photoluminescence
(PL), LSV, and first principal studies, which provides more insights
into the photogenerated charge separation, enhanced photocurrent,
and interfacial transfer efficiency through the Z-scheme charge transfer
process. This study offers opportunities for designing high-performance
Z-scheme hybrid photocatalysts for environmental remediation.