“…[18][19][20] To date, various transition metal oxides, such as TiO 2 , NiO, ZnO, MnO 2 , CeO 2 and SnO 2 , have been successfully investigated in the field of energy storage and photocatalytic degradation applications. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Among these metal oxides, SnO 2 has ideal properties to replace commercial TiO 2 materials. SnO 2 is an n-type semiconducting metal oxide with a wide bandgap of 3.6 eV; it has unique electrical and optical properties, exhibiting high electron mobility (B100-200 cm 2 V À1 s À1 ) and high chemical stability.…”