Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignin in near-critical water in a new batch reactor: Influence of phenol and temperature

Techno-economic Assessment of Integrated Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Combined Heat and Power Production from Lignocellulose Residues

“…Product distribution in the HTL organic yield (none solid or gaseous products) Figure 7 shows the carbon partitioning and mass yields of the Biocrude from the product recovery system, both at 28% and 221 g per kg of dry solids. The mass yield actually equates the median value (22.0 wt.%) for Biocrude yield reported by Arturi et al [18] for HTL experimental data in literature. Such fact does not offer a significant quantitative demonstration of our model, due to the distortion behind the wide experimental conditions examined in Arturi et al, however, it does present a qualitative validation of the reactor models ability to depict HTL experimental reports.…”

“…The quantitative analysis is important for understanding potential effects and possibilities for further downstream processing of the HTL yield. Attempts in literature have been reported to establish specific kinetic decomposition rates or reproduce generalized transformation pathways in HTL conditions or identify regression models for key thermo-physical characteristics [18]. The highly sensitive nature of the HTL conversion to the feedstock nature and specific experimental setups (reactor and product separation system design) and to the operating conditions leads to a wide and varied range of compounds reported, in the magnitudes of hundreds at least if not thousands [1].…”

“…Arturi et al [18] concluded in their comprehensive multivariate data analysis review of 34 peer reviewed experimental articles on HTL that no common trend or regression models could be established for the wide range of feedstock and process conditions reported in literature. The two main barriers to mapping the conversion steps are the complex nature of the feed constituent's degradation mechanisms and the controllability and conditional limitation of experimental setups.…”

The current and emerging sources of technical lignins and their applications

“…The heating rate has been identified as an important operating factor because liquefaction is a kinetically controlled process . One way to increase the heating rate involved injecting lignin slurry to a preheated medium . With a batch reactor equipped with injection function, the impacts of subcritical temperature and phenol were evaluated on the liquefactions for 15 min.…”

“…172 One way to increase the heating rate involved injecting lignin slurry to a preheated medium. 178 With a batch reactor equipped with injection function, the impacts of subcritical temperature and phenol were evaluated on the liquefactions for 15 min. The ratio of indulin/ water was 1:16.7.…”