Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Loblolly Pine: Effects of Various Wastes on Produced Biocrude

Abstract

In this study, feedstock interaction of cow manure and digested sewage sludge on hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of loblolly pine (LP) was evaluated. Noncatalytic HTL experiments were performed at reaction temperatures of 250, 275, and 300 °C at a constant reaction time of 30 min. Cyclohexane and acetone were used for biocrude extraction separately. The study focuses on the characteristics of the produced biocrude, and thus, physicochemical properties of biocrudes were examined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, density, and viscosity measurements, in addition to comparing mass and energy yields. On a LP basis, the biocrude yield reached as high as 30 and 17% for acetone and cyclohexane extraction, respectively, at the highest reaction temperature. Elemental carbon and energy contents increased with increasing HTL temperature for all cases. Alkalinity of the HTL process liquid (aqueous phase) increases from the HTL of sludge, and thus, it favored the formation of nonpolar compounds in biocrude. On the other hand, acidity of the reaction medium increases with the HTL of manure and pine, and thus, phenolic compounds in biocrude were increasing. Cyclohexane was more effective for sludge/LP biocrude extraction, whereas acetone was effective for manure/LP. Density of cyclohexane extracted sludge/LP biocrudes at 300 °C was less than 1000 kg m –3 , whereas acetone-extracted biocrudes had densities greater than 1000 kg m –3 . For all the biocrudes, viscosity was reduced considerably for the mixtures when compared to biocrudes from LP alone.

Hydrothermal Co-Liquefaction of Synthetic Polymers and Miscanthus giganteus: Synergistic and Antagonistic Effects

“…This observation is corroborated with results indicating the increase of oil yield for the co-HTL of nitrogen-containing biomass and low-nitrogen lignocellulosics. − , Previous results show that co-HTL of different lignocellulosicsincluding miscanthuswith sewage sludge, manure, or algae has the effect of improving biocrude yields. , Similar effect has been observed with co-HTL of algae and wood . Lignin and Spirulina platensis co-HTL using a feed ratio of 2:1 also results in positive synergy effects for oil yield, as well as Enteromorpha clathrata and rice husk .…”

“…For instance, Loblolly Pine co-liquefaction with both manure and sewage sludge has been reported to improve biocrude yields and quality. 9 Furthermore, sewage sludge co-liquefaction with a variety of lignocellulosic materials has also shown potential to improve process efficiency. 10 Synthetic polymers have received less attention in the HTL literature, partially due to the fact that pyrolysis is often the preferred route for chemical recycling of polyolefins and polystyrene (PS).…”

“…The technology has shown the potential to convert materials such as lignocellulosics, organic wastes, , and algae both individually and mixed. , Recently, co-liquefaction of wastes has been receiving increasing attention as researchers observe synergies in the liquefaction behavior of different organic wastes and biomass, depicting opportunities to ease processing and increase process efficiency. For instance, loblolly pine co-liquefaction with both manure and sewage sludge has been reported to improve biocrude yields and quality . Furthermore, sewage sludge co-liquefaction with a variety of lignocellulosic materials has also shown the potential to improve the process efficiency …”

Co-liquefaction of sewage sludge with wheat straw in supercritical water – potential for integrating hydrothermal liquefaction with wastewater treatment plants

“…The addition of manure or digested SS to pine wood (50 : 50 mixtures, at 300 °C for 30 min) led to biocrudes with reduced viscosity; however, a SE was observed only when adding manure to wood. 14 A SE was obtained when co-processing secondary SS from pulp and paper with waste newspaper in a 33 : 67 ratio (at 300 °C for 20 min). The increase in biocrude production was attributed to the presence of alkali and alkaline earth metals ( i.e.…”

New Insights for the Future Design of Composites Composed of Hydrochar and Zeolite for Developing Advanced Biofuels from Cranberry Pomace

“…Experimental studies on catalytic HTL over various zeolite-based catalysts indicated that zeolites are the most effective catalyst for phenol production [24]. This phenomenon is due to the better degradation of furfural intermediates into phenol over the acidic surface of zeolite [25]. Hydrochar showed high selectivity for hydrocarbons (16.34%).…”