Hydrothermal liquefaction of Spirulina and Nannochloropsis salina under subcritical and supercritical water conditions

Toor, Saqib; Reddy, Harvind K.; Deng, Shuguang; Hoffmann, Jessica; Spangsmark, Dorte; Madsen, Linda B.; Holm‐Nielsen, Jens Bo; Rosendahl, Lasse

doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.144

Cited by 213 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The productivity has a higher impact on specific energy consumption in PBRs than in open ponds. However, these energy specific consumptions are similar to the caloric value of Spirulina (5.67 kWh/kg) [32]. This means that if high productivities can be obtained, energy applications (where energy return on investment, EROI, has to be above 1) could be considered.…”

Section: Cost Comparison: Pbr and Open Pondsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Optimization of Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) Growth: From Laboratory Scale to Pilot Scale

et al. 2017

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Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) is the most cultivated microalga worldwide. Improving its cultivation in terms of biomass productivity, quality, or production cost could significantly impact the Spirulina industry. The objectives of this paper were defined as to contribute to this goal. Spirulina biomass productivity was investigated through medium choice. A modified Zarrouk's medium was selected as it gave higher final dry weights and longer sustained growth than Hiri's and Jourdan's media. Then, in order to reduce Spirulina production cost, modified Zarrouk's medium was rationalized by testing different dilutions. It was found that modified Zarrouk's medium could be diluted up to five times without impacting the growth rates in a 28-days batch cultivation. Higher dry weights were even observed after 21 days of batch cultivation (1.21 g/L for 20%-modified Zarrouk's medium in comparison to 0.84 g/L for modified Zarrouk's medium). Iron uptake was then investigated as one of the major contributors to Spirulina nutritional quality. An increase in iron content was obtained by replacing iron sulfate by iron EDTA at a concentration of 10 mg Fe /L (2.11 ± 0.13 mg Fe /g biomass for EDTA-FeNa,3H 2 O at 10 mg Fe /L compared to 0.18 ± 0.13 for FeSO 4 ,6H 2 O at 2 mg Fe /L). Impact of light intensity on Spirulina biomass productivity was also investigated in a 2 L Photobioreactor (PBR). Specific growth rates were calculated for Photosynthetically Photon Flux Densities (PPFD) from 85 to 430 µmol/m 2 /s. At 430 µmol/m 2 /s, photoinhibition was not observed and the specific growth rate was maximum (0.12/day). Finally, a 40-day cultivation experiment was conducted in a 1000 L PBR giving a maximum daily areal productivity of 58.4 g/m 2 /day. A techno-economic analysis gave production cost two to 20 times higher for PBR (from 18.71 to 74.29 €/kg) than for open ponds (from 3.86 to 9.59 €/kg) depending on Spirulina productivity.

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Section: Cost Comparison: Pbr and Open Pondsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Optimization of Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) Growth: From Laboratory Scale to Pilot Scale

et al. 2017

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“…Higher levels of nitrogen have been reported for bio-crudes produced from garbage, wastewater sludge, and algae (up to 10%) due to the protein content of the feedstock [25,27,[30][31][32].…”

Section: Nitrogen Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nature of the process allows for feedstock with high moisture content, therefore a wide range of material can be subjected to HTL to produce bio-crude. Studies liquefying wood [15][16][17][18], forest residues [19][20][21], agricultural residues [14,16,17,20,22,23], municipal wastes [24,25], sewage sludge [26,27], manure [28,29], and algae [30][31][32][33][34][35] have been published.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Bio-Crude Properties and Prospects for Upgrading to Transportation Fuels

2015

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Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) presents a viable route for converting a vast range of materials into liquid fuel, without the need for pre-drying. Currently, HTL studies produce bio-crude with properties that fall short of diesel or biodiesel standards. Upgrading bio-crude improves the physical and chemical properties to produce a fuel corresponding to diesel or biodiesel. Properties such as viscosity, density, heating value, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur content, and chemical composition can be modified towards meeting fuel standards using strategies such as solvent extraction, distillation, hydrodeoxygenation and catalytic cracking. This article presents a review of the upgrading technologies available, and how they might be used to make HTL bio-crude into a transportation fuel that meets current fuel property standards.

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“…Numerous studies on hydrothermal liquefaction of algae are available in literature. Few examples of these studies are hydrothermal liquefaction of algal biomass nannochloropsis sp., [34], chaetomorpha linum [35], chlorella pyrenoidosa [36], or spirulina plantesis [37]. The typical processing temperature used for hydrothermal liquefaction ranges between 250-370 o C. The yields and properties of the products vary with reaction temperature.…”

Section: Subcritical Water Processing Of Wet Algal Biomass To Producementioning

confidence: 99%

Sub and Supercritical Fluid Technologies for the Production of Renewable (Bio) Transportation Fuels

Reddy¹,

Muppaneni²,

Deng³

2015

Biofuels - Status and Perspective

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Hydrothermal liquefaction of Spirulina and Nannochloropsis salina under subcritical and supercritical water conditions

Cited by 213 publications

References 31 publications

Optimization of Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) Growth: From Laboratory Scale to Pilot Scale

Optimization of Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) Growth: From Laboratory Scale to Pilot Scale

A Review of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Bio-Crude Properties and Prospects for Upgrading to Transportation Fuels

Sub and Supercritical Fluid Technologies for the Production of Renewable (Bio) Transportation Fuels

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