Hydrothermal Synthesis and In Vivo Fluorescent Bioimaging Application of Eu3+/Gd3+ Co-Doped Fluoroapatite Nanocrystals

Abstract

In this study, Eu3+/Gd3+ co-doped fluoroapatitååe (Eu/Gd:FAP) nanocrystals were synthesized by the hydrothermal method as a fluorescent bioimaging agent. The phase composition, morphology, fluorescence, and biosafety of the resulting samples were characterized. Moreover, the in vivo fluorescent bioimaging application of Eu/Gd:FAP nanocrystals was evaluated in mice with subcutaneously transplanted tumors. The results showed that the Eu/Gd:FAP nanocrystals were short rod-like particles with a size of 59.27 ± 13.34 nm × 18.69 ± 3.32 nm. With an increasing F substitution content, the Eu/Gd:FAP nanocrystals displayed a decreased size and enhanced fluorescence emission. Eu/Gd:FAP nanocrystals did not show hemolysis and cytotoxicity, indicating good biocompatibility. In vivo fluorescent bioimaging study demonstrated that Eu/Gd:FAP nanocrystals could be used as a bioimaging agent and displayed stable fluorescence emitting in tumors, indicating an accumulation in tumor tissue due to the passive targeting ability. In addition, any adverse effects of Eu/Gd:FAP nanocrystals on major organs were not observed. This study shows that biocompatible rare earth co-doped FAP nanocrystals have the potential to be used as a bioimaging agent in vivo.

Preparation of rare earth-doped nano-fluorescent materials in the second near-infrared region and their application in biological imaging

“…The nanoparticles not only have smaller sizes but also have good biological activity, as proved by cytotoxicity tests and animal experiments. [66][67][68][69] QYs have always been the focus and difficulty of rare earthdoped nano-fluorescent probes. Researchers 70,71 have found that the doping of RE 3+ into the quantum dot matrix can effectively improve the quantum yield of RE 3+ .…”

“…The nanoparticles not only have smaller sizes but also have good biological activity, as proved by cytotoxicity tests and animal experiments. 66–69…”