The primary goal of this review is
to present a clear chemical
perspective of borates in order to stimulate and facilitate the discovery
of new borate-based optical materials. These materials, which exhibit
structures as varied as they are complex, are needed to meet the urgent
technological milestones. In the current period of rapid sociotechnological
breakthroughs, the need for the rational design and discovery of novel
borates with superior performance is greater than ever before. Through
the sustained efforts of chemists and material scientists, more than
3900 boron-containing compounds, including borate minerals and synthetic
borates, have been documented in the scientific literature. This review
provides a survey of all the reported anhydrous borates and an analysis
of their complex structural chemistry. State-of-the-art progress related
to technological advances in borate-based nonlinear optical, birefringent,
and self-frequency-doubling materials is surveyed, with special emphasis
on the relationships between structural architectures and optical
properties. More importantly, this review serves both as a scientific
introduction for graduates and post-doctoral researchers to the chemical
richness of solid-state borates and as a comprehensive reference for
researchers interested in borate-based optical materials.