Hydrothermal Synthesis of Barium Titanate

Abstract

Barium titanate fine particles were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. The synthesis was preformed at a temperature between 75 and 180 °C and for 10 min to 96 h. The reactions were carried out in a strong alkaline solution. Ba(OH)2·8H2O was used as the Ba-precursor material. Various Ti precursors were used to investigate their effects on the properties of BaTiO3. The BaTiO3 powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen sorption, and differential scanning calorimetry. XRD showed that the as-synthesized BaTiO3 powders have the BaTiO3 structure. The particle size of the Ti precursor has a strong influence on the size and morphology of barium titanate. The particle size of BaTiO3 was the largest when synthesized at 120 °C for 24 h by using anatase TiO2 (Merck) precursor. The particle size was about 0.1 μm when using TiO2 (70% anatase and 30% rutile, Degussa P25) or Ti(OH)4 as the precursor. The BaTiO3 powder was a porous structure when using Ti(OH)4 as the precursor. In addition, the particle size and morphology were dependent on the synthesis temperature. At 85 °C, the morphology of the powder was small crystal and an agglomerate of clusters. At 180 °C, the morphology of the powder was large (∼130 nm), uniform, and nearly monodisperse particles. Extending the synthesis time has no significant influence on the size and morphology.

Size-controllable barium titanate nanopowder synthesized via one-pot solvothermal route in a mixed solvent

“…Sun ( ) State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, China email: yhsun@sxicc.ac.cn B. Hou · Z. Li Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China of electronic device and downsizing of electronic components. Thus, other chemical methods capable of producing ultrafine BaTiO 3 powder, such as sol-gel method [6,7], hydrothermal (solvothermal) method [8][9][10][11][12], sol-precipitation process [13], low temperature direct synthesis method [14], have become currently an active area of research. Of these wet chemical methods, hydrothermal (solvothermal) method possesses several advantages involving the production of fine uniform particles with a narrow size distribution and the ability of preparation of crystalline BaTiO 3 without hightemperature calcinations.…”

A General Soft‐Chemistry Route to Perovskites and Related Materials: Synthesis of BaTiO3, BaZrO3, and LiNbO3 Nanoparticles

“…Most preparations of BaTiO 3 use a titanium alkoxide or oxide as titanium source and barium salts such as barium halides, acetates, nitrates, or hydroxides. [4][5][6][7] The use of the stabilizing agent oleic acid allows the synthesis of crystalline BaTiO 3 nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 6 to 12 nm. [8] In comparison to BaTiO 3 , the preparation of nanosized LiNbO 3 and BaZrO 3 has been much less investigated.…”

Microstructural Defects in Ferroelectrics and Their Scientific Implications

“…In perovskite ferroelectrics, a lot of works have been conducted to understand the behaviors of oxygen vacancies under the influence of external fields, such as electrical, stress and thermal fields, sometimes as a function of temperatures [13]. Oxygen vacancies play an essential role on ferroelectric fatigue during the operation of a ferroelectric component subjected to continuous load of electrical or stress fields, though many other factors such as microcracks [14], spatial charges [21], electrodes [15], surfaces and interfaces [16], voids, grain boundaries [21] may also lead to ferroelectric fatigue. The accumulation of oxygen vacancies in the electrode/ferroelectric interface has been confirmed by experimental studies.…”

“…Recently, efforts have been made on hydrothermal synthesis of BaTiO 3 nanoparticles of various sizes to understand the ferroelectric size effect by using BaCl 2 and TiO 2 as the starting materials. [21,22]. The growth of BaTiO 3 nanoparticles is commonly believed to follow a two step reaction mechanism: 1) the formation of Ti-O matrix, 2) the diffusive incorporation of Ba 2+ cations.…”