“…Currently, pure or modified titanium-dioxide nanoparticles are the most extensively used photocatalysts due to the optical and electronic properties of Titania, and their low cost, abundance, chemical stability, and non-toxicity [12,14]. Unfortunately, the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO 2 is still not satisfactory under visible-light irradiation because of its wide band gap (E g ≈ 3.20 eV) [15,16] that allows it to absorb only ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths, making TiO 2 useful for wastewater treatment only in the ultraviolet range of sunlight, which greatly inhibits its industrial application [16,17,18,19,20]. Therefore, several studies focused on the development of visible-responsive TiO 2 photocatalysts either by doping with metal ions and/or non-metal ions or by creation of hetero-junctions with other semiconductors [18,21,22].…”