Hydrothermal synthesis of palladium nitrides as robust multifunctional electrocatalysts for fuel cells

Abstract

Tremendous efforts have been devoted to exploring high-performance electrocatalysts for fuel cells, but the achievements in catalytic activity and durability are still far from satisfactory for commercialization. Filling metal nanoparticles...

Emerging interstitial/substitutional modification of Pd-based nanomaterials with nonmetallic elements for electrocatalytic applications

“…15). 20 Strikingly, Pd 2 N NCs for anodic FAO delivered a mass activity of 3.09 mA μg −1 , which was 8.1, 32.2, and 4.5 times higher than those of Pd/C (0.38 mA μg −1 ), Pt/C (0.096 mA μg −1 ), and the original Pd nanocubes (0.69 mA μg −1 ), respectively.…”

“…18 As for H, B, C, N, they tend to incorporate into Pd-Pd interlattice spaces rather than substitute Pd atoms due to their small size. 11,12,19,20 Usually, those nonmetallic atoms with small atomic radii can easily permeate and occupy the interstitial sites including octahedral (O-site) and/or tetrahedral (T-site) sites of the Pd host lattice. [21][22][23] Moreover, the incorporation of these nonmetallic atoms can expand the lattice spacing of Pd.…”

“…3 Synthesis and characterization of PdL x nanomaterials Recent years have witnessed tremendous efforts on rational design synthesis and characterization as well as exploring the extensive utilization of nonmetallic atom-doped Pd-based nanomaterials. Various nonmetallic atoms, like H, 11 B, 12 C, 30 N, 20 P 31 and S, 32 have been successfully doped into Pd-based nanomaterials to form binary PdL x catalysts with controllable shapes and remarkable stability (Fig. 2).…”

“…11). 20 Fig. 11E shows the integrated pixel intensities for Pd 2 N and Pd lattices, where the lattice spacing of Pd(100) in Pd 2 N is much larger than that of the Pd nanocubes, indicating that N atoms have been successfully incorporated into the Pd lattices.…”

“…unsatisfactory ORR performance. Up to now, extensive studies have shown that H, B, P, N and S doping could effectively tune the electronic properties of Pd and thus improve its ORR performance, 20,112,131,132 which was even better than commercial state-of-the-art Pt/C catalysts. Meanwhile, the performance was also dependent on their surface cleanness and doping amount.…”