Fuel
cells (FCs) convert chemical energy into electricity through
electrochemical reactions. They maintain desirable functional advantages
that render them as attractive candidates for renewable energy alternatives.
However, the high cost and general scarcity of conventional FC catalysts
largely limit the ubiquitous application of this device configuration.
For example, under current consumption requirements, there is an insufficient
global reserve of Pt to provide for the needs of an effective FC for
every car produced. Therefore, it is absolutely necessary in the future
to replace Pt either completely or in part with far more plentiful,
abundant, cheaper, and potentially less toxic first row transition
metals, because the high cost-to-benefit ratio of conventional catalysts
is and will continue to be a major limiting factor preventing mass
commercialization. We and other groups have explored a number of nanowire-based
catalytic architectures, which are either Pt-free or with reduced
Pt content, as an energy efficient solution with improved performance
metrics versus conventional, currently commercially available Pt nanoparticles
that are already well established in the community. Specifically,
in this Perspective, we highlight strategies aimed at the rational
modification of not only the physical structure but also the chemical
composition as a means of developing superior electrocatalysts for
a number of small-molecule-based anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction
reactions, which underlie the overall FC behavior. In particular,
we focus on efforts to precisely, synergistically, and simultaneously
tune not only the size, morphology, architectural motif, surface chemistry,
and chemical composition of the as-generated catalysts but also the
nature of the underlying support so as to controllably improve performance
metrics of the hydrogen oxidation reaction, the methanol oxidation
reaction, the ethanol oxidation reaction, and the formic acid oxidation
reaction, in addition to the oxygen reduction reaction.