HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF ZINC OXIDE AND ZINC SULFIDE<sup>1</sup>

Laudise, R.A.; Ballman, A. A.

doi:10.1021/j100834a511

Cited by 438 publications

(253 citation statements)

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“…An example is the reactive growth of hexagonal prismatic ZnO whiskers in a furnace environment [34]. The authors of this work suggested that the mechanism of growth was related to the tendency of some faces in the hexagonal system to grow more quickly than others [35]. Bismuth is of course hexagonal and would therefore also be expected to exhibit uniaxial asymmetries in growth rate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An investigation of the growth of bismuth whiskers and nanowires during physical vapour deposition

Stanley¹,

Stuttle²,

Caruana³

et al. 2012

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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Bismuth thin films of thickness in the region of 500 nm have been prepared by planar magnetron sputtering onto glass, silicon and GaAs substrates. Electron microscopy of these films reveals that bismuth whiskers grow spontaneously when the substrate is heated to temperatures between 110ºC and 140ºC during deposition and the optimum temperature for such growth is largely independent of substrate. Depositing films under similar conditions using thermal evaporation does not, however, produce the whisker growth. X-ray diffraction has been employed to investigate film texture with temperature and it has been shown that the and has a higher change-over temperature. The whiskers that grow from the film emerge at off-normal angles between 43.3º and 69.2º with a mean of 54±3º. The projected length of whiskers on a 500 nm film on a GaAs substrate shows a wide distribution to a maximum of more than 100 µm. The mean projected length for this sample was 16±1 µm and the diameter is around 0.5 µm. Measurements of the electrical properties of the whiskers at room temperature reveals ohmic behaviour with an estimated resistivity of 2.2±0.2 µΩm. Detailed examination of scanning electron micrographs, eliminates all growth mechanisms except tip growth by a non-catalysed vapour-solid/vapour-liquid-solid method. By depositing thinner films it is shown that this spontaneous growth of whiskers offers a route to fabricate high quality bismuth nanowires of lengths exceeding 10 µm.2

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An investigation of the growth of bismuth whiskers and nanowires during physical vapour deposition

Stanley¹,

Stuttle²,

Caruana³

et al. 2012

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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“…Wurtzite structured ZnO grown along the c axis has high energy polar surfaces such as ± (0001) surfaces with alternating Zn 2+ -terminated and O 2--terminated surfaces [28]. So when a ZnO nucleus is newly formed, owing to the high energy of the polar surfaces, the incoming precursor molecules tend to favorably adsorb on the polar surfaces.…”

Section: Basic Synthetic Methodologies and Growth Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been demonstrated to have enormous applications in electronic, optoelectronic, electrochemical, and electromechanical devices [3][4][5][6][7][8], such as ultraviolet (UV) lasers [9,10], light-emitting diodes [11], field emission devices [12][13][14], high performance nanosensors [15][16][17], solar cells [18][19][20][21], piezoelectric nanogenerators [22][23][24], and nanopiezotronics [25][26][27]. One-dimensional (1D) ZnO nanostructures have been synthesized by a wide range of techniques, such as wet chemical methods [28][29][30], physical vapor deposition [31][32][33], metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) [34][35][36], molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) [37], pulsed laser deposition [38,39], sputtering [40], flux methods [41], eletrospinning [42][43][44], and even top-down approaches by etching [45]. Among those techniques, physical vapor deposition and flux methods usually require high temperature, and easily incorporate catalysts or impurities into the...…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One-dimensional ZnO nanostructures: Solution growth and functional properties

2011

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One-dimensional (1D) ZnO nanostructures have been studied intensively and extensively over the last decade not only for their remarkable chemical and physical properties, but also for their current and future diverse technological applications. This article gives a comprehensive overview of the progress that has been made within the context of 1D ZnO nanostructures synthesized via wet chemical methods. We will cover the synthetic methodologies and corresponding growth mechanisms, different structures, doping and alloying, positioncontrolled growth on substrates, and finally, their functional properties as catalysts, hydrophobic surfaces, sensors, and in nanoelectronic, optical, optoelectronic, and energy harvesting devices.

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“…. [98,99] Because of the fastest growth rate along ZnO [ c-axis direction, as-grown ZnO usually exhibits a columnar structure. As the GZO film is used for the purpose of TCO electrodes, the formation of separated columnar structures is undesirable, as they block the lateral current from spreading.…”

Section: Growth Optimization Of Gzo Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dye-sensitized solar cells using ZnO nanotips and Ga-doped ZnO films

Chen

Pasquier

Saraf

et al. 2008

Semicond. Sci. Technol.

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Dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a promising and low-cost photovoltaic device. In the DSSC, a monolayer of dye is anchored on the surface of a semiconductor oxide.Photoexcitation takes place inside the dye, and photogenerated charges are then separated at the dye/oxide interface. Nanostructured oxide films are particularly attractive for DSSCs as they provide large surface area for dye anchoring. The crystalline quality of oxide films has significant impact on the charge transport. It is important to reduce the charge traps in the oxide to speed up the charge transport. In the DSSC, the transparent conducting oxide serves as an optical window, which determines the amount of light entering the device, and as the electrode, which extracts photocurrent. In the cell design, the selection of semiconductor oxide and corresponding transparent electrode is critical to achieve efficient light harvesting, charge separation and extraction.ii In this dissertation, a novel photoelectrode, consisting of well-aligned ZnO nanotips and a Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) TCO film, is developed for DSSC applications. The n-type semiconductor ZnO nanotips provide large surface area for dye anchoring in conjunction with direct conduction pathways for charge transport, while the GZO film acts as the transparent electrode. ZnO nanotips and GZO films are grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). GZO films (~400 nm) with sheet resistance of ~ 25 Ω/sq and transmittance over ~ 85% are achieved. ZnO nanotips have single crystalline quality and show free exciton emissions at room temperature. Photoelectrochemical cells are fabricated using liquid redox electrolyte and semi-solid gel electrolyte, respectively. UV light harvesting, which is directly generated by ZnO photoelectrode, is observed. The DSSC using liquid electrolyte exhibits a quantum efficiency at ~530nm of 65% and power conversion efficiency of 0.77%. By replacing the liquid electrolyte with gel electrolyte in the DSSC with the same structure, the open circuit voltage is increased from 610 mV to 726 mV and the overall power efficiency is increased to 0.89%. The aging testing shows that the DSSC using gel electrolyte has better stability than its liquid electrolyte counterpart.iii

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HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF ZINC OXIDE AND ZINC SULFIDE¹

Cited by 438 publications

References 0 publications

An investigation of the growth of bismuth whiskers and nanowires during physical vapour deposition

An investigation of the growth of bismuth whiskers and nanowires during physical vapour deposition

One-dimensional ZnO nanostructures: Solution growth and functional properties

Dye-sensitized solar cells using ZnO nanotips and Ga-doped ZnO films

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HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF ZINC OXIDE AND ZINC SULFIDE1

Cited by 438 publications

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An investigation of the growth of bismuth whiskers and nanowires during physical vapour deposition

An investigation of the growth of bismuth whiskers and nanowires during physical vapour deposition

One-dimensional ZnO nanostructures: Solution growth and functional properties

Dye-sensitized solar cells using ZnO nanotips and Ga-doped ZnO films

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HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF ZINC OXIDE AND ZINC SULFIDE¹