Hydrothermal Upgradation of Algae into Value-added Hydrocarbons

Singh, Rawel; Bhaskar, Thallada; Balagurumurthy, Bhavya

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-59558-4.00011-5

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Based on Figure 4, it can be observed that HTL-esterification process is a relatively simpler process as compared to conventional. In this process, wet microalgae is directly converted in HTL reactor, in which water content will act as solvent and reactant at subcritical condition [14]. The distinct feature of HTL-esterification is the direct use of wet microalgae for feed stream, thus removing the need for water removal and extraction before reaction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HTL, also known as subcritical water extraction, is one of the thermochemical conversion routes of biomass, which recently attracted attention due to its capability to proceed with wet biomass. The core of the HTL process lies in the utilization of water at subcritical condition which can act both as solvent for nonorganic components as well as reactant [14]. The needs for high pressure and temperature for producing subcritical water is one of the important parameters in designing HTL process.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HTL is relatively a more efficient process in terms of converting biomass into liquid fuel as compared to pyrolysis [13]. In addition, in HTL process, water content in harvested microalgae, which turns into subcritical water, acts as both reactant and medium [14]. Gai et al [15] have confirmed that subcritical water allows hydrolysis reaction to occur, so that carbohydrate, protein and triglyceride contents in microalgae are hydrolyzed into their monomer, which are glucose, amino acid and fatty acid respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production

et al. 2020

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As fossil fuels were depleting at an alarming rate, the development of renewable energy has become necessary. One of the promising renewable energy to be used is biodiesel. The interest in using third-generation feedstock, which is microalgae, is rapidly growing. The use of third-generation biodiesel feedstock will be more beneficial as it does not compete with food crop use and land utilization. The advantageous characteristic which sets microalgae apart from other biomass sources is that microalgae have high biomass yield. Conventionally, microalgae biodiesel is produced by lipid extraction followed by transesterification. In this study, combination process between hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and esterification is explored. The HTL process is one of the biomass thermochemical conversion methods to produce liquid fuel. In this study, the HTL process will be coupled with esterification, which takes fatty acid from HTL as raw material for producing biodiesel. Both the processes will be studied by simulating with Aspen Plus and thermodynamic analysis in terms of energy and exergy. Based on the simulation process, it was reported that both processes demand similar energy consumption. However, exergy analysis shows that total exergy loss of conventional exergy loss is greater than the HTL-esterification process.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production

et al. 2020

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“…Due to, when the reaction temperature increases, the shared electron between oxygen and hydrogen atoms tends to circulate more evenly and the electronegativity of the oxygen molecule becomes less polar. This polarity change makes water more affinitive to the organic hydrocarbons, most of which are nonpolar molecules [43]. Hemicellulose was completely converted into gas and liquid products.…”

Section: Chemical Composition Of Raw and Torrefied Sugarcane Leavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hemicellulose was completely converted into gas and liquid products. Especially, wet-torrefied sample shows significantly higher decomposition degree of hemicellulose than dry-torrefied sample at the same reaction temperature, due to subcritical liquid water in the 220-300 °C region offers opportunities as both a benign solvent and a self-neutralizing catalyst [43]. Thus, it is very reactive and efficient in breaking the glycosidic bonds of hemicellulose, as a result, the hemicellulose percentage of wet and dry-torrefied sample at 250 °C were 1.47% and 24.35%, respectively.…”

Section: Chemical Composition Of Raw and Torrefied Sugarcane Leavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative study of solid biofuels derived from sugarcane leaves with two different thermochemical conversion methods: wet and dry torrefaction

2021

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This work describes the conversion of sugarcane leaves into biocoal with two thermal processes: wet torrefaction (subcritical water, 175-250 °C) and dry torrefaction (nitrogen atmosphere, 225-300 °C). The residence time was 30 min for both processes. The effects on physical and energy characteristics, including mass and energy yield, proximate and ultimate analyses, fiber analysis, higher heating value (HHV), structural parameters determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and O/C and H/C atomic ratios were used for comparisons. The results showed that increasing the reaction temperature lowers the mass yield; however, it also significantly improves the fuel ratio of torrefied samples. The highest HHV of wet and drytorrefied samples were 23.31 and 22.07 MJ/kg, respectively. The best removal of ash and sulfur content was obtained under wet torrefaction. Moreover, wet torrefaction was recommended as a suitable process for hemicellulose depolymerization. At 250 °C, the wet-torrefied sample had the highest fuel ratio (0.48) and was suited for biomass co-firing. The finding that wet-torrefied samples reached the same range of lignite at lower reaction temperatures than dry-torrefied samples was particularly intriguing. Torrefaction at the temperatures below 250 °C did not prove to have a statistically significant effect on the energy properties of the dry-torrefied samples. Therefore, wet torrefaction is a promising process in the thermochemical conversion of sugarcane leaves into solid biofuel.

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Biorefinery: A Concept for Co-producing Biofuel with Value-Added Products

Nagappan¹,

Nakkeeran²

2020

Environmental Biotechnology Vol. 2

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Hydrothermal Upgradation of Algae into Value-added Hydrocarbons

Cited by 10 publications

References 73 publications

Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production

Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production

Comparative study of solid biofuels derived from sugarcane leaves with two different thermochemical conversion methods: wet and dry torrefaction

Biorefinery: A Concept for Co-producing Biofuel with Value-Added Products

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