“…The standards require that the "pulloff" adhesion strength be greater than 15 MPa, which is one-fourth to one-tenth of the reported flexural strengths for dense HAp. Different deposition practices have been explored to improve "pulloff" strengths, including plasma, induction, vacuum-aerosol and high velocity oxy-fuel combustion spraying, hot-isostatic pressing, dip coating, electrophoretic deposition, sol-gel adhesion, pulsedlaser, ion-beam, or co-spraying HAp with a toughening agent such as Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 , or a titanium alloy [268][269][270][271][272]. However, none of these processes produce "pull-off" strengths approaching flexural data for bulk HAp, with values ranging between about 10 MPa and 80 MPa [54,268].…”