Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Fortified Xanthan Gum–Chitosan Based Polyelectrolyte Complex Scaffolds for Supporting the Osteo-Friendly Environment

Abstract

Nanoparticle-reinforced polymer-based scaffolding matrices as artificial bone-implant materials are potential suitors for bone regenerative medicine as they simulate the native bone. In the present work, a series of bioinspired, osteoconductive tricomposite scaffolds made up of nanohydroxyapatite (NHA) embedded xanthan gum−chitosan (XAN−CHI) polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) are explored for their bone-regeneration potential. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies confirmed complex formation between XAN and CHI and showed strong interactions between the NHA and PEC matrix. The X-ray diffraction studies indicated regulation of the nanocomposite (NC) scaffold crystallinity by the physical cues of the PEC matrix. Further results exhibited that the XAN−CHI/NHA5 scaffold, with a 50/50 (polymer/NHA) ratio, has optimized porous structure, appropriate compressive properties, and sufficient swelling ability with slower degradation rates, which are far better than those of CHI/NHA and other XAN−CHI/NHA NC scaffolds. The simulated body fluid studies showed XAN− CHI/NHA5 generated apatite-like surface structures of a Ca/P ratio ∼1.66. Also, the in vitro cell−material interaction studies with MG-63 cells revealed that relative to the CHI/NHA NC scaffold, the cellular viability, attachment, and proliferation were better on XAN−CHI/NHA scaffold surfaces, with XAN−CHI/ NHA5 specimens exhibiting an effective increment in cell spreading capacity compared to XAN−CHI/NHA4 and XAN−CHI/ NHA6 specimens. The presence of an osteo-friendly environment is also indicated by enhanced alkaline phosphatase expression and protein adsorption ability. The higher expression of extracellular matrix proteins, such as osteocalcin and osteopontin, finally validated the induction of differentiation of MG-63 cells by tricomposite scaffolds. In summary, this study demonstrates that the formation of PEC between XAN and CHI and incorporation of NHA in XAN−CHI PEC developed tricomposite scaffolds with robust potential for use in bone regeneration applications.

Nanocomposite Materials Developed from Nano‐hydroxyapatite Impregnated Chitosan/κ‐Carrageenan for Bone Tissue Engineering.

“…Thus, in nHAp/CHI/k-CGN nanocomposite both nHAp particles and À OSO 3 À groups acts as nucleation sites for calcium phosphate mineralization, giving rise to a significantly thicker apatite layer. [27,40] The SBF study was further supported by EDS analysis as the ratio of Ca/P increased from 1.55 to 2.06 and 1.66 to 2.45 in nHAp/CHI and nHAp/CHI/k-CGN, respectively (Figure 5c and d) indicating improved production of minerals in nHAp/CHI/k-CGN nanocomposite. Thus, it can be deduced that the nHAp/ CHI/k-CGN nanocomposite have better mineralization ability and hence the ability to form a direct bond with the living bone when it is implanted in the body as compared to nHAp/ CHI nanocomposite.…”

Osteoconductive and Antibacterial Poly(lactic acid) Fibrous Membranes Impregnated with Biobased Nanocarbons for Biodegradable Bone Regenerative Scaffolds

“…In the target area of bone tissue engineering for the composite membranes, the osteogenic performance in terms of osteoblast adhesion and stretching on the scaffolds represents an important criterion to evaluate the cytocompatibility. 35 The quantitative analysis of MG-63 cell viability with regard to cell proliferation and cytotoxicity culturing onto the composite membranes was measured by MTT assays (Figure 6). With an increase of proliferation time from 6 to 12 and 24 h, the cell viability cultured on pure PLA gradually increased, as indicated by the slight rise of OD values at 490 nm from 0.27 to 0.35 and 0.52.…”

A Review of Gum Hydrocolloid Polyelectrolyte Complexes (PEC) for Biomedical Applications: Their Properties and Drug Delivery Studies

“…This phenomenon indicates that chitosan possesses the best interactions with xanthan gum in the acetic acid solution at pH 3.6. Combining xanthan gum/chitosan and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles has the best compressive strength and modulus at ratio 25:25:50 for X:C:NHA, decreasing polysaccharide content in the PEC while increasing NHA would make insufficient binding excess NHA [73].…”

“…The composite possesses biocompatibility improvement and bone integration capability, including osteoinductive and osteoconductive. For instance, Zia et al (2020) designed a tri-scaffold based on Xanthan Gum-Chitosan composite incorporating HAPs [73]. The utilization of this gum has involved the refinement of physical, mechanical, and biological features of the fabricated scaffold.…”

“…Moreover, the integrated scaffold exhibits a moderate degradation rate and antibacterial properties. In addition, the tri scaffold composite also stimulates the differentiation of MG-63 cells with bone cells which potential of improving the rate and ability of bone regeneration [73].…”