Hydroxyl radical in living systems and its separation methods

Cheng, Fu Chou; Jen, Jen Fon; Tsai, Tung Hu

doi:10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00620-7

Cited by 123 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 135 publications

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“…Therefore, · OH was suggested to be an excellent target to investigate antioxidants in the fields of food, nutrition, health, and medicines. 21,22) In addition, ESR is widely used as a prerequisite tool to study free radicals even with suspensions or pastes, 23) and is thought to be useful to study slightly insoluble less-polar ginsenosides or MRPs. Especially, some triterpenoid glycosides and MRPs are known to have transition metal chelating and reducing capabilities closely related to · OH scavenging activity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity Changes of Ginseng and Ginsenoside-Rb2 by Heat Processing

Kang

Kim

Baek

et al. 2007

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Traditional herbal medicines have been processed to enhance their therapeutic effects, remove or reduce toxicity and side effects, and facilitate preparation and storage. In addition, the increased biological activities have been thought to be closely related to the compounds which are modified through processing.1-3) Therefore, there has been a growing interest in the bioactive constituents of herbal drugs modified by processing. [4][5][6] The root of ginseng, Panax ginseng C.A. MEYER (Araliaceae), has been heat processed to make white ginseng (WG, roots dried after peeling) and red ginseng (RG, steamed at 98-100°C and dried ginseng roots without peeling) for consumption. Especially, RG is more common as a functional food than WG in Asian countries, because steaming induces a change in the chemical constituents and enhances the biological activities of ginseng. [7][8][9][10] Recently, a method to increase the RG-specific ginsenosides by steaming WG at a higher temperature than RG was developed.2,11) This heat processed ginseng is termed sun ginseng (SG), and we have been investigating its enhanced free radical scavenging activity compared to conventional ginsengs and its active constituents.Phenolic compounds and maltol were responsible for the increased free radical scavenging activities of SG. In addition, Maillard reaction products (MRPs) were also thought to be related to the increased antioxidant activity of ginseng by heat processing, 5,6) because the Maillard reaction has been thought to be the major source correlated with increased efficacy by heat processing in various crude drugs or foods. 12,13) On the other hand, ginsenoside is one of the easily changeable components of ginseng by heat processing, 2,14) but heat processing-induced chemical and activity changes of ginsenosides considering the Maillard reaction have not yet been fully elucidated. In addition, the contents of less-polar ginsenosides Rg 3 , Rk 1 , Rg 5 , and maltol are known to increase by heat processing, and these compounds are supposed to be produced by the deglycosylation of diol-type ginsenosides and the Maillard reaction in ginseng by steaming. 6,14) Therefore, there is a need to investigate the structure and activity changes of isolated ginsenosides by heat processing with amino acids.In this study, we investigated the hydroxyl radical (· OH) scavenging activity changes of ginsengs and ginsenoside-Rb 2 (Rb 2 ) by heat processing using an electron spin resonance spectrometer (ESR). No report has compared the · OH scavenging activities of WG, RG, and SG using ESR, and ESR is thought as a versatile tool to detect free radicals even with slightly insoluble ginsenosides in suspension. In addition, Rb 2 , a well known diol-type triterpene glycoside that exists abundantly in Panax ginseng, was steamed with glycine, a frequently used amino acid in the Maillard reaction model system, 15) and the chemical and · OH scavenging activity changes were analyzed and compared. Shillim-Dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea. Received October 7, 20...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity Changes of Ginseng and Ginsenoside-Rb2 by Heat Processing

Kang

Kim

Baek

et al. 2007

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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“…The half-life of . OH in living cells is estimated to be around 1 ns (Cheng et al, 2002). In contrast, the decay time of 1 O 2 in cells is about 4 orders of magnitude higher (Baier et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Singlet Oxygen Is the Major Reactive Oxygen Species Involved in Photooxidative Damage to Plants

Triantaphylidès¹,

Krischke²,

Hoeberichts³

et al. 2008

Plant Physiology

509

358

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Reactive oxygen species act as signaling molecules but can also directly provoke cellular damage by rapidly oxidizing cellular components, including lipids. We developed a high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry-based quantitative method that allowed us to discriminate between free radical (type I)-and singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ; type II)-mediated lipid peroxidation (LPO) signatures by using hydroxy fatty acids as specific reporters. Using this method, we observed that in nonphotosynthesizing Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) tissues, nonenzymatic LPO was almost exclusively catalyzed by free radicals both under normal and oxidative stress conditions. However, in leaf tissues under optimal growth conditions, 1 O 2 was responsible for more than 80% of the nonenzymatic LPO. In Arabidopsis mutants favoring 1 O 2 production, photooxidative stress led to a dramatic increase of 1 O 2 (type II) LPO that preceded cell death. Furthermore, under all conditions and in mutants that favor the production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (two sources for type I LPO reactions), plant cell death was nevertheless always preceded by an increase in 1 O 2 -dependent (type II) LPO. Thus, besides triggering a genetic cell death program, as demonstrated previously with the Arabidopsis fluorescent mutant, 1 O 2 plays a major destructive role during the execution of reactive oxygen species-induced cell death in leaf tissues.Plant leaves capture sun-derived light energy to drive CO 2 fixation during photosynthesis. During this process, leaves need to cope with photooxidative stress when the balance between energy absorption and consumption is disturbed. Excess excitation energy in the photosystems (PSI and PSII) leads to the inhibition of photosynthesis via the production of various reactive oxygen species (ROS) at different spatial levels of the cell (Apel and Hirt, 2004;Asada, 2006;Van Breusegem and Dat, 2006). Both exposure to high light intensities and decreased CO 2 availability direct linear electron transfer toward the reduction of molecular oxygen, generating superoxide radicals (O 2 2. ) at PSI (the Mehler reaction). Superoxide dismutation generates hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), which is detoxified in the chloroplast by ascorbate peroxidases. As such, this so-called water-water cycle participates in the dissipation of excess energy (Asada, 2006). Decreased CO 2 availability affects the first step in CO 2 fixation by shifting the carboxylation of Rubisco by the Rubisco carboxylase-oxygenase enzyme toward oxygenation, a process called photorespiration. This leads, through the action of glycolate oxidase, to peroxisomal H 2 O 2 production that is counteracted by catalases. Finally, when the intersystem electron carriers are overreduced, triplet excited P680 in the PSII reaction center as well as triplet chlorophylls in the light-harvesting antennae are produced, with the production of singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) as a consequence (Krieger-Liszkay, 2005). In photosynthetic membranes, 1 O 2 ...

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“…This second method can be considered as a new application of the in vivo salicylate trapping microdialysis, as it also allows the investigation of the long-term effects of 6-OHDA administered through the microdialysis probe. Cheng et al (2002) reviewed all the methods that are used for the detection of in vivo hydroxyl radical generation. Radical scavenging activity in mice has already been applied in several studies using an intraperitoneal (i.p.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to its short lifetime and high reactivity, the direct measurement of hydroxyl radical formation in biological systems is difficult (Themann et al, 2001). Several analytical approaches are described to indirectly monitor the hydroxyl radical generation in vivo, by measuring the basal hydroxyl radical level, the evoked hydroxyl radical level, or both (Cheng et al, 2002;Di Giovanni et al, 2009). Among these techniques, in vivo salicylate trapping microdialysis is one of the most widely used to indirectly quantify the hydroxyl radicals in brain structures.…”

Section: Abbreviationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this approach, radical-enhancing molecules such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyridinium ion or 6-OHDA are perfused to induce hydroxyl radical formation. Radical scavengers are able to block this formation (Cheng et al, 2002;Di Giovanni et al, 2009;Gruber et al, 2006;Teismann and Ferger, 2000). However, the method with 6-OHDA has not been applied in mice before.…”

Section: Abbreviationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute versus long-term effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on oxidative stress and dopamine depletion in the striatum of mice

Varcin

Bentea

Mertens

et al. 2011

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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Oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms which may be important in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. In the current study, the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) perfusion on hydroxyl radical formation in the mouse striatum were investigated using the in vivo salicylate trapping microdialysis technique. The latter uses salicylate as a trapping agent for hydroxyl radicals with formation of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA), which is measured by HPLC. Two different approaches of the technique were validated in mice. First, perfusion of the trapping agent salicylate (1 mM) via the probe in combination with 6-OHDA (5 M) was used to screen for radical scavenging properties of compounds in mice. Alternatively, striatal administration of 6-OHDA in a concentration known to induce nigrostriatal denervation (1 mM), without the trapping agent, allowed to maximally challenge the neuronal microenvironment and as such to investigate both its acute and long-term effects. In the first method, as expected, glutathione (GSH) (1.5 mM) prevented the 6-OHDA-induced increase in 2,3-DHBA levels. In the second method, GSH prevented the hydroxyl radical formation, while depletion of GSH with 2-cyclohexen-1-one (CHO) resulted in significantly higher 2,3-DHBA levels than when 6-OHDA was perfused alone. Three weeks after the local 6-OHDA perfusion, the total striatal dopamine (DA) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) content were reduced by 30%, compared to the intact striatum, accompanied by a reduction in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive (ir) nerve terminals. This suggests that the second method can be used to determine the acute as well as the long-term effects of 6-OHDA in the mouse striatum.

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Hydroxyl radical in living systems and its separation methods

Cited by 123 publications

References 135 publications

Study on the Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity Changes of Ginseng and Ginsenoside-Rb2 by Heat Processing

Study on the Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity Changes of Ginseng and Ginsenoside-Rb2 by Heat Processing

Singlet Oxygen Is the Major Reactive Oxygen Species Involved in Photooxidative Damage to Plants

Acute versus long-term effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on oxidative stress and dopamine depletion in the striatum of mice

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