Hydroxylated PBDEs and brominated phenolic compounds in particulate matters emitted during recycling of waste printed circuit boards in a typical e-waste workshop of South China

Exposures, mechanisms, and impacts of endocrine-active flame retardants

“…and electronics (e.g., televisions) [1,2,6]. The typical application rates for FRs in PUF in furniture are approximately 4-5% by weight of the foam, and FR application in plastic casings of TVs has been measured at around 10-15% by weight [7,8].…”

Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and biphenyls (PCBs) in blood of informal e-waste recycling workers from Agbogbloshie, Ghana, and controls

“…BFR containing or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) coated copper cables, provide optimal conditions for de novo formation of halogenated aromatic compounds, such as PCDD/Fs, its brominated equivalents PBDD/Fs, mixed brominated/chlorinated homologies (PXDD/Fs) and other dioxin-related compounds (DRCs) (Weber and Kuch, 2003;Hedman et al, 2005;Gullett et al, 2007;Duan et al, 2011;Hibbert and Ogunseitan, 2014). Due to uncontrolled combustion and thermal processing of e-waste, these POPs have been found in the air, bottom ash, dust, soil, water and sediment samples from EWRSs worldwide, partly in tremendous high concentrations (Li et al, 2007;Wong et al, 2007;Brigden et al, 2008;Liu et al, 2008;Ma et al, 2009aMa et al, , 2009bWen et al, 2009Wen et al, , 2011Ni et al, 2010;Tue et al, 2010b;Zhang et al, 2012b;Chan and Wong, 2013;Hu et al, 2013;Labunska et al, 2013;Ren et al, 2013;Wang et al, 2013;Hosoda et al, 2014;Xiao et al, 2014). The share of annual mass of e-waste derived PCDD/F in China alone is estimated to be in the range of several kilograms (Ni et al, 2010).…”

Halogenated organic pollutants in particulate matters emitted during recycling of waste printed circuit boards in a typical e-waste workshop of Southern China

“…Recently, mechanism and kinetics of the formation of PBDD/Fs and polyhalogenated dibenzo-pdioxins (PBDDs/PBCDDs) from BPs, OH-PBDEs and chlorinated derivatives as precursors have been discussed using theoretical methods based on the density functional theory (Cao et al, 2011;Yu et al, 2011). The evidence for this mechanism provided by the high levels of BPs and OH-PBDEs in this workshop as presented in a separate paper (Ren et al, 2013).…”