Hydroxyureas as Noncovalent Proteasome Inhibitors

Abstract

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) [1] has been related to many different diseases including multiple myeloma, where the core protein of the UPS, the 20S proteasome (CP), has been successfully targeted by the blockbuster drug Velcade (Bortezomib).[2] The repeated emphasis on the vast therapeutic potential of CP inhibitors in different diseases and the primary resistance and ineffectiveness of current market drugs against some types of solid tumors have proven the need for not only second-generation CP inhibitors but also for the discovery of inhibitors with a new mechanism of action.The eukaryotic CP is composed of four stacked heptameric rings, each comprising a-and b-type subunits in an a 1À7 b 1À7 b 1À7 a 1À7 stoichiometry.[3] Embedded in these sandwiched b-subunits are three different active sites with distinct cleavage preferences known as caspase(C)-, trypsin(T)-, and chymotrypsin(CT)-like activities. The active-site nucleophile Thr1O g is located in subunits b1, b2, and b5 (C-, T-and CTlike activities), respectively; however, it is the composition of active and surrounding subunits of the substrate-binding pockets which give rise to the substrate-cleaving preferences. [4] To date, all CP inhibitors are known to have either a peptidelike structure, which forms an antiparallel b sheet with the substrate-binding channel of the active sites, and/or reactive head groups which covalently bind to the threonine residue Thr1O g .[5] These characteristics have previously been related to excessive reactivity, lack of specificity, and/or instability. Furthermore, there are currently few CP inhibitors that do not simultaneously inactivate all three active sites of the CP. In fact, studies have shown that inactivation of the b5 active site alone is enough to attain therapeutic effects. [6,7] We performed screening experiments using specific b5 fluorogenic tetrapeptide substrates in order to search for nonpeptide-based inhibitors with reversible binding to the CT-like active site. These experiments were performed using a library of inhibitors from Bayer CropScience AG. One of the hits identified was an N-hydroxyurea(HU)-based compound (1, Table 1). Interestingly, this inhibitor is a known 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor (U.S. Pat. No. 5,714,633) closely related to ZyfloCR (Zileuton; Figure S1 in the Supporting Information) a internationally prescribed drug for the treatment of asthma.[8] Surprisingly, 1 showed unique binding to the CT-like active site of the yeast CP with an IC 50 of 230 mm (K i = 23 mm ; Table 1) with no inhibition observed for the Cand T-like activities even at an inhibitor concentration of 200 mm ( Figure S2 in the Supporting Information).Additionally this inhibitor has no structural similarities with any other known inhibitor of the CP. Moreover, it (1-Ad)O Me (S) [b] 57 AE 2.5 5.75 AE 0.25 10(1-Ad)O Me (R) [c] 0.34 AE 0.04 0.034 AE 0.004[a] No inhibition against T-or C-like activity was observed at concentrations as high as 200 mm ( Figure S2).[b] C* in S configuration.[c] C* in R configuration.[

What shall we do with the damaged proteins in lung disease? Ask the proteasome!

“…This raises the intriguing possibility of generating site specific inhibitors, as recently shown for the immunoproteasome subunit LMP7-specific proteasome inhibitor PR-957 or a specific b2-active site inhibitor [39,40]. Only recently, a new (reversible and noncovalent) mode of binding was identified for hydroxyurea-based compounds, which specifically inhibit the b5 active site of the proteasome [41]. Accumulating evidence suggests that site-specific inhibition of single proteolytic sites of the proteasome affects specific sets of substrates within the cell.…”

Substituted quinolines as noncovalent proteasome inhibitors

“…23,24 Relative to covalent binders, reports of noncovalent and nonpeptidic proteasome inhibitors are still scarce, but are gaining recognition as viable alternatives to peptide-based suicide inhibitors. 11 …”

“…Examples of nonpeptidic noncovalent proteasome modulators include the phakellins, 25 oxadiazoles, 26 hydroxyureas, 24 imidazolines 27,28 sulfone or piperazine agents, 29 and tamoxifen derivatives. 30 …”

Discovery of PI-1840, a Novel Noncovalent and Rapidly Reversible Proteasome Inhibitor with Anti-tumor Activity

“…MLN9708, NPI-0052, and CEP18770) all act covalently. There are only a few noncovalent proteasome inhibitors that have been reported, and these include the natural product cyclic peptide TMC-95 (27) and its linear peptide mimics (28) as well as capped peptides (noncyclic and isosteres peptides) (29) and hydroxyurea (30). Furthermore, most of the noncovalent inhibitors previously reported except for hydroxyurea are peptidic in nature, whereas PI-1840 is a nonpeptidic, small organic molecule that is unlikely to suffer from the peptidic compound liabilities such as peptide degradation and poor cellular uptake.…”