Hygroscopic Swelling Determination of Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC) Films by Polarized Light Microscopy Digital Image Correlation

Shrestha, Shikha; Diaz, Jairo A.; Ghanbari, Siavash; Youngblood, Jeffrey P.

doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00026

Cited by 73 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…The TPU/CNC film and fiber sample absorbed significantly more water compared to the pure TPU samples within the same 24 h period. This result indicates that the hydrophilic nature of the CNCs is increasing the water absorptivity when incorporated into the TPU matrix material . In addition, processing approach did not significantly impact the absorptivity of the composite as the percentage volume change between the TPU/CNC cast film (11.1%) and TPU/CNC fiber (9.0%) is negligible within experimental error (± 1.5%).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Mechanically adaptive thermoplastic polyurethane/cellulose nanocrystal composites: Process‐driven structure–property relationships

Fallon

Kolb

Herwig

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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To enable filament extrusion additive manufacturing of mechanically adaptive nanocomposites, the effect of melt extrusion on the tensile modulus and mechanical adaptiveness of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites was investigated. TPU (Texin RxT70A) was processed with 10 wt % CNC in multiple formats, including solvent‐cast films and melt extrusion‐produced filaments. CNC orientation is characterized by polarized Raman spectroscopy and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and found to be uniaxially oriented in extruded filaments, and randomly oriented in solvent‐cast films. Dynamic mechanical analysis results show the addition of 10 wt % CNC increases the pure TPU storage modulus from 10 to 60–70 MPa in the dry state for solvent‐cast and extruded nanocomposites. Following water saturation, all CNC‐containing samples reach a similar wet storage modulus of approximately 26 MPa, regardless of CNC orientation and thermal history. Fickian diffusion scaling factors (6.8 to 11.6) scale closely to the time‐dependent empirical scaling factors (4.9 to 7.2), confirming the rate of mechanical adaptivity is driven by water diffusion through sample thickness. Our results suggest that mechanical adaptivity is retained following processing, enabling use as a feedstock for extrusion‐based additive manufacturing of CNC/TPU composites for mechanically adaptive parts. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46992.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Mechanically adaptive thermoplastic polyurethane/cellulose nanocrystal composites: Process‐driven structure–property relationships

Fallon

Kolb

Herwig

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…100 o C), often under vacuum, most moisture can be removed; however, CNMs will re-adsorb water immediately upon contact with the atmosphere. 34,35…”

Section: Commercially Available Forms Of Cnmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current characterization methods for cellulose nanomaterials

et al. 2018

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A new family of materials comprised of cellulose, cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs), having properties and functionalities distinct from molecular cellulose and wood pulp, is being developed for applications that were once thought impossible for cellulosic materials. Commercialization, paralleled by research in this field, is fueled by the unique combination of characteristics, such as high on-axis stiffness, sustainability, scalability, and mechanical reinforcement of a wide variety of materials, leading to their utility across a broad spectrum of high-performance material applications. However, with this exponential growth in interest/activity, the development of measurement protocols necessary for consistent, reliable and accurate materials characterization has been outpaced. These protocols, developed in the broader research community, are critical for the advancement in understanding, process optimization, and utilization of CNMs in materials development. This review establishes detailed best practices, methods and techniques for characterizing CNM particle morphology, surface chemistry, surface charge, purity, crystallinity, rheological properties, mechanical properties, and toxicity for two distinct forms of CNMs: cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibrils.

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“…The diffusion coefficient of the nanocellulose materials is measured by using the light scattering characteristics applied by the DLS device. [120,135,136] The obtained coefficient is used to calculate the hydrodynamic diameter (H d ) of the cellulose materials by using the Stokes-Einstein Equation. One of the assumptions considered during the CNCs measurements is that the nanoparticles have a single with a constant diffusion rate.…”

Section: Dynamic Light Scatteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive review on cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibers: Pretreatment, preparation, and characterization

Nagarajan¹,

Ramanujam²,

Sanjay

et al. 2021

Polymer Composites

218

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Crafting ecological materials from green resources is posing a significant challenge for the researchers and scientists around the globe and has resulted in the development of nanocellulose materials, which has paved the way for enriching the basic knowledge and many opportunities on developing biobased materials. This has augmented the utilization of carbohydrate-based organic materials and successfully replacing conventional nonrenewable materials. Cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) belonging to the newer emerging field of nanomaterials are finding increasing interest among the investigators owing to their environmentally sustainable characteristics like biodegradability, biocompatibility, and potential availability in abundance at a cheaper price. The present review article intends to provide a detailed insight about the advancements and various challenges postured in the field of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). The article further discusses about different cellulose fiber extraction sources and their methods, purification processes employed, various sample preparation and drying techniques used for CNCs and CNFs. The article also outlines the various characterization methods practiced for scrutinizing CNCs and CNFs when used in polymer matrix composites. Finally, the benefits of using the CNMs in several potential applications such as paper, oil and gas industries, food packaging and structural sectors, conductive ink and water purification areas, medical and printed electronic fields are highlighted in this extensively reviewed article.

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Hygroscopic Swelling Determination of Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC) Films by Polarized Light Microscopy Digital Image Correlation

Cited by 73 publications

References 72 publications

Mechanically adaptive thermoplastic polyurethane/cellulose nanocrystal composites: Process‐driven structure–property relationships

Mechanically adaptive thermoplastic polyurethane/cellulose nanocrystal composites: Process‐driven structure–property relationships

Current characterization methods for cellulose nanomaterials

A comprehensive review on cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibers: Pretreatment, preparation, and characterization

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