Hyper-binding across time: Age differences in the effect of temporal proximity on paired-associate learning.

Campbell, Karen L.; Trelle, Alexandra N.; Hasher, Lynn

doi:10.1037/a0034109

Cited by 57 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Thus, older adults were more likely to encode the attended with the unattended context, and this reduced their ability to selectively retrieve the appropriate contextual details. This is consistent with hyper-binding, where older adults are more likely to encode target and distractor items appearing simultaneously (Campbell et al, 2010) or occurring close in temporal proximity (Campbell, Trelle, & Hasher, 2014). Importantly, the conditional dependence found in older adults did not differ between the two study-test cycles, indicating that this result was not a function of task experience during the first study-test cycle.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Age-related changes in neural oscillations supporting context memory retrieval

Strunk

James

Arndt

et al. 2017

Cortex

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Recent evidence suggests that directing attention toward single item-context associations during encoding improves young and older adults’ context memory performance and reduces demands on executive functions during retrieval. In everyday situations, there are many event features competing for our attention, and our ability to successfully recover those details may depend on our ability to ignore others. Failures of selective attention may contribute to older adults’ context memory impairments. In the current electroencephalogram (EEG) study, we assessed the effects of age on processes supporting successful context memory retrieval of selectively attended features as indexed by neural oscillations. During encoding, young and older adults were directed to attend to a picture of an object and its relationship to one of two concurrently presented contextual details: a color or scene. At retrieval, we tested their memory for the object, its attended and unattended context features, and their confidence for both the attended and unattended features. Both groups showed greater memory for attended than unattended contextual features. However, older adults showed evidence of hyper-binding between attended and unattended context features while the young adults did not. EEG results in the theta band suggest that young and older adults recollect similar amounts of information but brain-behavior correlations suggest that this information was supportive of contextual memory performance, particularly for young adults. By contrast, sustained beta desynchronization, indicative of sensory reactivation and episodic reconstruction, was correlated with contextual memory performance for older adults only. We conclude that older adults’ inhibition deficits during encoding reduced the selectivity of their contextual memories, which led to reliance on executive functions like episodic reconstruction to support successful memory retrieval.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Age-related changes in neural oscillations supporting context memory retrieval

Strunk

James

Arndt

et al. 2017

Cortex

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“…In the "associative deficit hypothesis" Naveh-Benjamin (2000) argues older adults are less able to create and retrieve links between single units of information (Chalfonte and Johnson 1996;Naveh-Benjamin 2000;Naveh-Benjamin et al 2007). In contrast, the "hyperbinding hypothesis" (Campbell et al 2010(Campbell et al , 2014 suggests that older adults may be unable to down-regulate attention to irrelevant information, instead dispersing their attention across other information in the study environment that is spatially (e.g., other things in the scene) or temporally (e.g., the previous trial) close to target items. As such the correct associations are encoded, but associations are also encoded between distractor items or irrelevant environmental features, making retrieval of the target information more difficult.…”

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confidence: 83%

What–where–when memory and encoding strategies in healthy aging

Cheke

2016

Learn. Mem.

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Older adults exhibit disproportionate impairments in memory for item-associations. These impairments may stem from an inability to self-initiate deep encoding strategies. The present study investigates this using the "treasure-hunt task"; a whatwhere-when style episodic memory test that requires individuals to "hide" items around complex scenes. This task separately assesses memory for item, location, and temporal order, as well as bound what-where-when information. The results suggest that older adults are able to ameliorate integration memory deficits by using self-initiated encoding strategies when these are externally located and therefore place reduced demands on working memory and attentional resources.In everyday life, it is often only when remembered elements of information are integrated into a single memory that they are functionally useful. You may know that you have met someone before, but if you do not remember the context-"where" and "when" you met them-you cannot be said to know "who they are." Normal aging is thought to affect memory for these various types of information differently, and to have a particular impact on memory integration (Spencer and Raz 1995;Kessels et al. 2007;Blachstein et al. 2012). There are two main theories as to the source of these deficits. In the "associative deficit hypothesis" Naveh-Benjamin (2000) argues older adults are less able to create and retrieve links between single units of information (Chalfonte and Johnson 1996;Naveh-Benjamin 2000;Naveh-Benjamin et al. 2007). In contrast, the "hyperbinding hypothesis" (Campbell et al. 2010(Campbell et al. , 2014 suggests that older adults may be unable to down-regulate attention to irrelevant information, instead dispersing their attention across other information in the study environment that is spatially (e.g., other things in the scene) or temporally (e.g., the previous trial) close to target items. As such the correct associations are encoded, but associations are also encoded between distractor items or irrelevant environmental features, making retrieval of the target information more difficult. Both theories suggest that these impairments may be exacerbated by a failure to adopt appropriate encoding strategies. There is considerable evidence that reduced working memory resources among older adults restrict the formation of deep encoding operations, resulting in a failure to carry out "self-initiated" encoding strategies (Salthouse and Babcock 1991;Salthouse 1996;Craik and Rose 2012). However, older adults are able to benefit from encoding strategies if instructed to engage in them (Logan et al. 2002;Morcom et al. 2003).Classical neuropsychological tools used to assess episodic memory in aging often fail to encompass the complexity of memory as it is experienced in everyday life (Piolino et al. 2009). Furthermore, episodic memory is generally assessed with verbal tasks, while most everyday memories concern visual and action information. The present study uses a what-where -when-style memory test (the treasure-hunt tas...

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“…Relative to young adults, older subjects are particularly susceptible to proactive interference on working memory tests when similar stimuli are presented (Lustig and Hasher 2001;Rowe et al 2010). Older adults also show a reduced ability to suppress irrelevant information and are more likely to take this information into account when selecting responses, an effect that is prominent when stimuli were experienced in temporal proximity or within the same sensory modality (Gazzaley et al 2005;Campbell et al 2014). Given that the match-to-position task implemented in the current study requires resolution of similar visuospatial stimuli and active suppression of irrelevant information, since goal locations from previous trials are no longer useful for present trials, it is probable that working memory abilities contribute to successful performance.…”

Section: The Role Of Interference In Spatial Discrimination Deficitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrimination performance in aging is vulnerable to interference and dissociable from spatial memory

et al. 2016

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Hippocampal-dependent episodic memory and stimulus discrimination abilities are both compromised in the elderly. The reduced capacity to discriminate between similar stimuli likely contributes to multiple aspects of age-related cognitive impairment; however, the association of these behaviors within individuals has never been examined in an animal model. In the present study, young and aged F344×BN F1 hybrid rats were cross-characterized on the Morris water maze test of spatial memory and a dentate gyrus-dependent match-to-position test of spatial discrimination ability. Aged rats showed overall impairments relative to young in spatial learning and memory on the water maze task. Although young and aged learned to apply a match-to-position response strategy in performing easy spatial discriminations within a similar number of trials, a majority of aged rats were impaired relative to young in performing difficult spatial discriminations on subsequent tests. Moreover, all aged rats were susceptible to cumulative interference during spatial discrimination tests, such that error rate increased on later trials of test sessions. These data suggest that when faced with difficult discriminations, the aged rats were less able to distinguish current goal locations from those of previous trials. Increasing acetylcholine levels with donepezil did not improve aged rats' abilities to accurately perform difficult spatial discriminations or reduce their susceptibility to interference. Interestingly, better spatial memory abilities were not significantly associated with higher performance on difficult spatial discriminations. This observation, along with the finding that aged rats made more errors under conditions in which interference was high, suggests that match-to-position spatial discrimination performance may rely on extra-hippocampal structures such as the prefrontal cortex, in addition to the dentate gyrus.

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Hyper-binding across time: Age differences in the effect of temporal proximity on paired-associate learning.

Cited by 57 publications

References 57 publications

Age-related changes in neural oscillations supporting context memory retrieval

Age-related changes in neural oscillations supporting context memory retrieval

What–where–when memory and encoding strategies in healthy aging

Discrimination performance in aging is vulnerable to interference and dissociable from spatial memory

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