Hyperconcentrations of Suspended Sediment

Beverage, Joseph P.; Culbertson, James K.

doi:10.1061/jyceaj.0001128

Cited by 170 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…Water floods (also called "clearwater floods") have low sediment transport. Confusion arises over hyperconcentrated flow, a term coined by Beverage and Culbertson (1964), who intended it to apply to suspension of sediment. However, it has subsequently been understood, on the basis of bulk sediment concentration in the flow, to include cases of both very high suspended sediment load and high bedload (e.g., Costa, 1984;Cronin et al, 1999;Kneller & Branney, 1995;Ouellet & Germain, 2014;Pierson, 2005;Scott, 1988;Smith & Lowe, 1991).…”

Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Is a Debris Flood?

Church

Jakob

2020

Water Resources Research

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Debris floods have been defined descriptively as mineral and organic sediment‐rich floods, occurring in a steep channel and potentially destabilizing the streambed and banks. While this definition allows one to visualize the process, it does not inform on the mechanics, nor does it recognize different types. We propose to define debris floods as “floods during which the entire bed, possibly barring the very largest clasts, becomes mobile for at least a few minutes and over a length scale of at least 10 times the channel width.” We define the onset of a debris flood by the exceedance of a critical shear stress threshold required to mobilize at least the D84 of bed material. A threefold classification is proposed in which the first type is triggered by the shear stress exceedance. The second is initiated by transition from a debris flow either in the channel or by oblique impact of a debris‐flow‐prone tributary. In this context we highlight the importance of effective fluid density. The third type is associated with outbreak floods from artificial or natural dams. A further subdivision of debris floods is made by using the ratio of the actual shear stress to the critical shear stress, with higher values indicating damaging and finally catastrophic debris floods in which even preexisting channel bank and bed protection is mobilized. This contribution aims to provide a more succinct mechanistic definition of debris floods that can be implemented in hazard and risk assessments for steep streams and rivers.

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Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Is a Debris Flood?

Church

Jakob

2020

Water Resources Research

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“…This generates a volume of water of 68,000 m 3 given a 100 mm rain event. This is more than enough water to transport our modeled volume of sediment and rock of approximately 65,000 m 3 with an example 50/50 sediment to water ratio (taking an almost maximum value for the solid fraction for diluted flows (20-60% solids) (Beverage and Culbertson, 1964), assuming that none of the precipitation infiltrated-an assumption that has no basis whatsoever, given the highly porous surface materials observed in the glacial valley. Moreover, we are confident that precipitation fell as snow or hail above 4,700 m, leaving a much smaller catchment basin for actual rain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstruction of the Upper Slope Conditions of an Extraordinary Hydro-Meteorological Event Along the Jamapa Glacier Drainage System, Citlaltépetl (Pico de Orizaba) Volcano, Mexico

et al. 2021

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A singular precipitation event on the summit glacial slopes of Mexico’s highest volcanic peak, Citlatépetl (also known as Pico de Orizaba), associated with the passage of Hurricane Ernesto across the southern Mexico mainland in August 2012, resulted in a debris flow at altitudes above 4,400 m asl, culminating in a hyperconcentrated flow downstream that had major impacts to a river valley’s channel morphology as well as to communities along a 25 km runout. The lahar originated at the terminal moraine and proglacial ramp of the Little Ice Age (LIA) extent of Citlaltépetl’s Jamapa glacier. Precipitation amounts were estimated based on nearby CONAGUA stations, but also on TRMM satellite images leading to an estimated 106 mm for a 3 day total, with 85 mm (80% of the total) falling on August 9th, the date when the lahar event occurred. The initial debris flow removed a minimum estimated 60,000 m3 of material from the proglacial ramp. A possible causative scenario is that the precipitation event overpressured the groundwater hydrology of an already unstable glacial-melt-saturated moraine. We demonstrate a methodology for the recreation of a pre-event landscape and the environmental conditions at the onset of the lahar, utilizing satellite products, in-situ geomorphological and geological evidence, and UAS technology.

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“…The critical value of sediment load between various flow processes is also a function of several factors such as median particle size, sorting and lithological nature of the sediments. Despite these drawbacks, sediment concentration (along with yield strength or velocity) is currently widely used in the literature pertaining to rheological classification of flow types (Ancey, 2007;Beverage and Culbertson, 1964;Bradley and McCutcheon, 1985;Coussot, 1997;Gagoshidze, 1969;Hotta and Miyamoto, 2008;Hungr et al, 2001;Lawson, 1982;O'Brien and Julien, 1985;Pierson and Costa, 1987;Postma, 1986;Van Dine, 1985).…”

Section: Discriminating Criteria Of Different Flow Typesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This part of the spectrum had, however, already been studied by Beverage and Culbertson who, in 1964, published work on sediment-water flow processes, subdividing them into high, extreme, hyperconcentrated and mudflow categories. Beverage and Culbertson (1964) coined the term hyperconcentrated flow, but despite their interest in the subject they defined the boundaries of this process and others rather vaguely.…”

Section: Notions Of Classification 1 Historical Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Subaerial sediment-water flows on hillslopes

Germain

Ouellet

2013

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

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Subaerial sediment-water flows on hillslopes have received growing attention from the scientific community in recent years. Interest in this type of geomorphic process is twofold: they constitute a major risk factor and they have generally been poorly defined in the past. Major classification schemes are considered here, with a particular interest in criteria for discriminating between various subaerial flow type processes. Identification techniques from various fields (morphometry, rheology, geomorphology, sedimentology) are reviewed. Recent accounts of flow processes as part of a continuum of processes as opposed to belonging to distinct categories are discussed. It is proposed that process identification include information drawn from various methods in order to minimize identification error, given that correct identification is essential to appropriate hazard assessment and mitigation measures.

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Hyperconcentrations of Suspended Sediment

Cited by 170 publications

References 0 publications

What Is a Debris Flood?

What Is a Debris Flood?

Reconstruction of the Upper Slope Conditions of an Extraordinary Hydro-Meteorological Event Along the Jamapa Glacier Drainage System, Citlaltépetl (Pico de Orizaba) Volcano, Mexico

Subaerial sediment-water flows on hillslopes

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