Hyperendemic Malaria in a Thai Village: Dependence of Year-Round Transmission on Focal and Seasonally Circumscribed Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Habitats

Gingrich, John B.; Weatherhead, Alexis; Sattabongkot, Jetsumon; Pilakasiri, Chaiyaphruk; Wirtz, Robert A.

doi:10.1093/jmedent/27.6.1016

Cited by 49 publications

(41 citation statements)

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Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…The 2 complete sets of Thai figures (Rosenberg et al 1990a, b) apply to the 1st and 2nd yr of a village study; in each year the prevalence of mixed-species infections in mosquitoes fit the hypothesis of the statistical independence of the species, whereas that in humans was less than half the expected value. The 3rd Thai figure (Gingrich et al 1990; for mosquitoes only) applies to the following 2 yr in the same village; the observed mixed-species prevalence in mosquitoes again fit the product of the singles species prevalences.The entomological studies conducted by Burkot et al (1990Burkot et al ( , 1992 et al 1986). In Buksak, for 1986 and 1986-1987 the observed prevalence of mixed-species infections in resting catches (6 and 9% of positives, respectively) far exceeded expected values, whereas the observed prevalence in 1987 resting catches and 1986-1987 biting catches (1 and 8% of positives, respectively) fit expected values.…”

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confidence: 74%

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Mixed-Species Plasmodium Infections of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)

McKenzie

Bossert

1997

Journal of Medical Entomology

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Mixed-pathogen infections of vectors rarely are considered in the epidemiological literature, although they may occur in nature. A review of published reports shows that many Anopheles species are capable of carrying sporozoites of > 1 plasmodium species, of doing so simultaneously in field conditions, and of acquiring and transmitting these in experimental situations. Mixed-species infections in mosquito populations occur at frequencies greater than or equal to the product of the constituent species prevalences, whereas human populations have apparent mixed-species infections at frequencies less than or equal to their corresponding expected values. We present a model for the accumulation of parasite infections over the lifespan of a mosquito that explains this surplus of mixedspecies infections. However, the expected frequencies of mixed infections on the basis of our model are greater than those found in nature, indicating that the sampling by mosquitoes of Plasmodium species from human malaria infections may not be random. KeywordsAnopheles spp; Plasmodium spp; malaria transmission; parasite ecologyThe Pioneering studies of parasite community dynamics have focused on helminths (e.g., Schad 1963, Kennedy 1975, Holmes 1983, Esch et al. 1990. Recently Dobson (1985Dobson ( , 1990 and Dobson and Roberts (1994) have stressed the role of species life-histories in structuring helminth communities and have extended the general ecological principle that as a constituent species becomes more aggregated in its distribution, the relative importance of interspecific competition declines in its population regulation. Although data on the aggregation of Plasmodium species in Anopheles is essentially anecdotal, its variability indicates that Plasmodium species interactions may warrant more concerted investigation.In mixed-species malaria infections of humans, one of the constituent Plasmodium species typically dominates (e.g., Mayne and Young 1938, Molineaux and Grammicia 1980, Looareesuwan et al. 1987, Fox and Strickland 1989. Cohen (1973) analyzed the epidemiological literature and reported a general deficit of detectable mixed-species infections, associated this deficit with splenomegaly, and inferred an underlying heterologous immunity. Hence, the excess of mixed-species infections found during the Carlo project was unexpected, but it also was interpreted as representing species interactions of predominantly cooperative (Cohen and Singer 1979) or predominantly competitive (Molineaux and Grammicia 1980) character. Richie (1988) emphasized competitive interactions in an evolutionary context, suggesting that co-infections promote antigenic divergence, but also proposed a role for mutual facilitation in the ecological succession of Plasmodium species within a mammalian host.Neither the interactions of pathogen species within vectors or the pathogen sampling processes embodied in human-vector contacts have received much attention in the infectious-disease NIH Public Access (Turell et al. 1984, Paulson et al. 1992, V...

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Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 74%

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confidence: 74%

Mixed-Species Plasmodium Infections of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)

McKenzie

Bossert

1997

Journal of Medical Entomology

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“…4,7,8 Anopheles peditaeniatus is reported infected with P. falciparum for the first time locally, following a similar report from Thailand. 20 Sporozoites of the VK247 polymorph of P. vivax carried by An. varuna also are reported for the first time in Sri Lanka.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria vectors in a traditional dry zone village in Sri Lanka.

Amerasinghe¹,

Amerasinghe²,

Konradsen³

et al. 1999

Am J Trop Med Hyg

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Abstract. Malaria transmission by anopheline mosquitoes was studied in a traditional tank-irrigation-based riceproducing village in the malaria-endemic low country dry zone of northcentral Sri Lanka during the period August 1994-February 1997. Adult mosquitoes were collected from human and bovid bait catches, bovid-baited trap huts, indoor catches, and pit traps. Mosquito head-thoraces were tested for the presence of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, and blood-engorged abdomens for the presence of human blood by ELISAs. House surveys were done at twoday intervals to record cases of blood film-confirmed malaria among the villagers. A total of 7,823 female anophelines representing 14 species were collected. Trends in anopheline abundance were significantly correlated with rainfall of the preceding month in An. annularis, An. barbirostris, An. subpictus, An. vagus, and An. varuna, but were not significant in An. culicifacies and An. peditaeniatus. Malaria parasite infections were seen in seven mosquito species, with 75% of the positive mosquitoes containing P. falciparum and 25% P. vivax. Polymorph PV247 was recorded from a vector (i.e., An. varuna) for the first time in Sri Lanka. Computations of mean number of infective vector (MIV) rates using abundance, circumsporozoite (CS) protein rate, and human blood index (HBI) showed the highest rate in An. culicifacies. A malaria outbreak occurred from

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“…Anopheles balabacensis of Colless (1957:137) Rattanarithikul & Harrison (1973:2) (L*, identification key); Ismail et al (1974:129) (bionomics data), (1975:206-231) (bionomics data); Harrison & Klein (1975:9) (checklist); Klein (1977:107) (bionomics notes); Wilkinson et al (1976:306) (vector of chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum), (1978:666) (bionomics data); Miyagi et al (1986:181) (distribution, bionomics notes). Anopheles balabacensis balabacensis of Büttiker & Beales (1964:190) (A, L, identification keys, Cambodia); Collins et al (1967a: Baimai et al (1984a:536) (cytogenetics, species identification), (1984b:633) (heterochromatin variation); Hii (1984b:192) (X chromosome, male sterility), (1985a:185) (polytene chromosomes, cross-mating, species identification), (1986:125) (morphometry, male genitalia); Wibowo et al (1984:425) (metaphase chromosomes, heterochromatin, species identification); Klein et al (1986:901) (survival rate, infection P. cynomolgi); Takai (1986:45) (protein loci, systematics); Baimai & Green (1987:481) (mating behavior); Tsukamoto et al (1987:291) (checklist); Damrongphol & Baimai (1989:563) (SEM eggs, species identification); Green et al(1992:29) (enzyme electromorphs, species identification); Audtho et al (1995:107) (DNA hybridization); Poopittayasataporn & Baimai (1995:426) (polytene chromosome, phylogeny); Rattanarithikul et al (1995:428) (bionomics), (1996a:52) (biting activity, blood source), (1996b:75) (bionomics, parity rate), (1996c:114) (bionomics, vector competence for P. vivax, P. falciparum); Xu & Qu (1997b:134) (ITS2, species identification); Xu et al (1998:385) (ITS2, species identification); Walton et al(1999:24) Choochote et al (1987:511) (SEM pupal seta 9-III-V); Harbach et al (1987a:296) (bionomics); Peyton (1989:197) (taxonomy); Gingrich et al (1990Gingrich et al ( :1016 (vectorial capacity, human malaria); Kitthawee ...…”

Section: Dirus Complexmentioning

confidence: 99%