Hyperfine Structure of the Metastable Hydrogen Atom

Heberle, J.; Reich, H. A.; Kusch, P.

doi:10.1103/physrev.101.612

Cited by 88 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In 1956 Heberle, Reich, and Kusch measured f HFS (2S) for the first time [1]. Their result was equal to 177 556 860(50) Hz which is in an agreement with f theor HFS (2S).…”

supporting

confidence: 52%

“…The theoretical evaluation of the specific combination of 1S and 2S hyperfine intervals D21 is in moderately good agreement with the value for D21 deduced from our measurement. PACS numbers: 12.20.Fv, 32.10.Fn, 32.30.Jc, 42.62.Fi The frequency of the 2S hyperfine interval f HFS (2S) has been measured twice during the last 50 years by driving the magnetic-dipole radio-frequency transition in a hydrogen thermal beam [1,2]. The relative accuracy of these measurements (150−300 ppb) exceeds the accuracy of the theoretical prediction for the 2S hyperfine interval which is restricted by an insufficient knowledge of the proton structure.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-Precision Optical Measurement of the2SHyperfine Interval in Atomic Hydrogen

et al. 2004

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We have applied an optical method to the measurement of the 2S hyperfine interval in atomic hydrogen. The interval has been measured by means of two-photon spectroscopy of the 1S − 2S transition on a hydrogen atomic beam shielded from external magnetic fields. The measured value of the 2S hyperfine interval is equal to 177 556 860(15) Hz and represents the most precise measurement of this interval to date. The theoretical evaluation of the specific combination of 1S and 2S hyperfine intervals D21 is in moderately good agreement with the value for D21 deduced from our measurement. PACS numbers: 12.20.Fv, 32.10.Fn, 32.30.Jc, 42.62.Fi The frequency of the 2S hyperfine interval f HFS (2S) has been measured twice during the last 50 years by driving the magnetic-dipole radio-frequency transition in a hydrogen thermal beam [1,2]. The relative accuracy of these measurements (150−300 ppb) exceeds the accuracy of the theoretical prediction for the 2S hyperfine interval which is restricted by an insufficient knowledge of the proton structure. However, the specific combination of the 1S and 2S hyperfine intervalscan be calculated with high precision due to significant cancellations of nuclear structure effects (see [3] For the measurement of the 2S hyperfine interval in atomic hydrogen we have applied 1S − 2S two-photon spectroscopy to a cold hydrogen atomic beam which is shielded from magnetic fields. Using a high-finesse cavity as a frequency flywheel we deduce the 2S hyperfine interval as the frequency difference between two extremely stable laser light fields which excite the respective transitions between the different hyperfine sublevels of the 1S and 2S states in atomic hydrogen. The differential measurement cancels some important systematic effects typical for two-photon spectroscopy on atomic beams. Applying this optical method, we achieve a level of accuracy which is nearly 2 times better than the accuracy of the recent radio-frequency measurement [2]. Along with the previous optical Lamb shift measurement [6], our present measurement demonstrates the perspectives of precision optical methods in fields where traditionally radio-frequency techniques have been used.The hydrogen spectrometer setup, described in detail elsewhere [7], has been modified by magnetic compensation and shielding systems and an optional differential pumping system [8]. A dye laser operating near 486 nm is locked to an ultra-stable reference cavity made from ULE by means of the Pound-Drever-Hall lock. The drift of the cavity, suspended in a vacuum chamber with a two-stage active temperature stabilization system, is typically 0.5 Hz/s.The frequency of the dye laser light is doubled in a β-barium borate crystal, and the resulting UV radiation near 243 nm is coupled into a linear enhancement cavity inside a vacuum chamber. Atomic hydrogen, produced in a radio-frequency discharge at a pressure of around 1 mbar, flows through teflon tubes to a copper nozzle cooled to 5 K with a helium flow-through cryostat. Hydrogen atoms thermalize in inelast...

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“…In 1956 Heberle, Reich, and Kusch measured f HFS (2S) for the first time [1]. Their result was equal to 177 556 860(50) Hz which is in an agreement with f theor HFS (2S).…”

supporting

confidence: 52%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Precision Optical Measurement of the2SHyperfine Interval in Atomic Hydrogen

et al. 2004

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“…However, it is easy to see that these corrections are state dependent and give contributions to the difference of hyperfine splittings in the 2S and 1S states 8∆E(2S) − ∆E(1S). Respective formulae were obtained in [302,290] and are of phenomenological interest in the case of HFS splitting in the 2S state in hydrogen [303,304], in deuterium [305], and in the 3 He + ion [306], and also for HFS in the 2P state [307] (see also review in [308]). …”

Section: Recoil Corrections Of Relative Order (Zα)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Theory of light hydrogenlike atoms

2001

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The present status and recent developments in the theory of light hydrogenic atoms, electronic and muonic, are extensively reviewed. The discussion is based on the quantum field theoretical approach to loosely bound composite systems. The basics of the quantum field theoretical approach, which provide the framework needed for a systematic derivation of all higher order corrections to the energy levels, are briefly discussed. The main physical ideas behind the derivation of all binding, recoil, radiative, radiative-recoil, and nonelectromagnetic spin-dependent and spin-independent corrections to energy levels of hydrogenic atoms are discussed and, wherever possible, the fundamental elements of the derivations of these corrections are provided. The emphasis is on new theoretical results which were not available in earlier reviews. An up-to-date set of all theoretical contributions to the energy levels is contained in the paper. The status of modern theory is tested by comparing the theoretical results for the energy levels with the most precise experimental results for the Lamb shifts and gross structure intervals in hydrogen, deuterium, and helium ion He + , and with the experimental data on the hyperfine splitting in muonium, hydrogen and deuterium. *

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“…The Lambshift polarimeter measurements of hyperfine structure transitions in atomic hydrogen have not yet reached the level of accuracy that other experiments have achieved for example for the 2 2 S 1/2 state [22,23,24,25]. However, the method will allow the determination of the 2 2 P 1/2 hyperfine structure with up to two orders of magnitude higher precision than most recent results [26].…”

Section: Statementioning

confidence: 87%

Hydrogen spectroscopy with a Lamb-shift polarimeter

Westig¹,

Engels²,

Grigoryev³

et al. 2010

Eur. Phys. J. D

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Abstract. A Lamb-shift polarimeter, which has been built for a fast determination of the polarization of protons and deuterons of an atomic-beam source and which is frequently used in the ANKE experiment at COSY-Jülich, is shown to be an excellent device for atomic-spectroscopy measurements of metastable hydrogen isotopes. It is demonstrated that magnetic and electric dipole transitions in hydrogen can be measured as a function of the external magnetic field, giving access to the full Breit-Rabi diagram for the 2 2 S 1/2 and the 2 2 P 1/2 states. This will allow the study of hyperfine structure, g factors and the classical Lamb shift. Although the data are not yet competitive with state-of-the-art measurements, the potential of the method is enormous, including a possible application to anti-hydrogen spectroscopy. The spectrum of atomic hydrogen (H), unravelled with ever increasing precision, has led to fundamental understanding of the underlying structure and dynamics of the simplest atom. Today, both experiment (e.g., two-photon laser spectroscopy [1,2]) and theory [3] have achieved an impressive level of accuracy in the determination of the energy levels. Additional details and further discoveries may come from either advancing existing techniques or by applying new methods.A possible new approach to performing spectroscopy experiments on hydrogen isotopes is based on a Lambshift polarimeter which would allow measurements of the full Breit-Rabi diagram of the first excited state of H with j = 1/2 (see Fig. 1). Precision data currently exist only for weak magnetic fields of a few Gauss for the ground state [4]. For the metastable state, the crossing of the 2 2 S 1/2 and 2 2 P 1/2 states (β − e crossing of Fig. 1) at field strengths of about 570 G was investigated long ago [5]. In addition to testing the recent relativistic theory of the Zeeman splitting of the first excited state [6,7], systematic Breit-Rabi diagram measurements can also be used to extract g j (H, 2 2 S 1/2 ), g j (H, 2 2 P 1/2 ) and the nuclear g factor. The most recent determination of a hydrogen g j factor for the ground state was performed by Tiedeman and Robinson [8]. Mass independent terms of quantum electrodynamics could be tested to a high degree and a confirmation of the α 3 radiative correction has been achieved. In order to test, e.g., bound-state quantum electrodynamic corrections of the order of α/π for the g j factor, a precision of 1 ppb and better is needed for the hydrogen atom in the ground state [9]. An even better precision would be needed for the first excited state. By putting the hydrogen atom in an external magnetic field, the independence of the hyperfine structure to such conditions can be tested through a combination of measurements of transitions between 2 2 S 1/2 and 2 2 P 1/2 states (Table 1).In 1940, Kusch et al. performed spectroscopy experiments on alkaline atoms in a magnetic field with an improved molecular beam resonance method for atoms and determined the hyperfine structure and nuclear moments from measure...

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Hyperfine Structure of the Metastable Hydrogen Atom

Cited by 88 publications

References 18 publications

High-Precision Optical Measurement of the2SHyperfine Interval in Atomic Hydrogen

High-Precision Optical Measurement of the2SHyperfine Interval in Atomic Hydrogen

Theory of light hydrogenlike atoms

Hydrogen spectroscopy with a Lamb-shift polarimeter

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