“…Reflecting more generally on the nature of the “reality” of financial markets, we suggest that some element of illusion is inherent to the functioning of such markets, which might explain part of the difficulty of detecting a financial scam. Our paper therefore contributes also to the discussion about “hyperreal” financial markets (McGoun ; Macintosh, Shearer, Thornton, and Welker ) by highlighting the link between mechanisms of trust creation, on the one hand, and concerns with self‐referential representations, on the other hand. In particular, we identify similarities between the trust dynamics in the Madoff case with those observed in the literature on speculative bubbles.…”