Hypersensitized Metamaterials Based on a Corona-Shaped Resonator for Efficient Detection of Glucose

Abstract

In this work, a new design for a real-time noninvasive metamaterial sensor, based on a corona-shaped resonator, is proposed. The sensor was designed numerically and fabricated experimentally in order to be utilized for efficient detection of glucose in aqueous solutions such as water and blood. The sensor was inspired by a corona in-plane-shaped design with the presumption that its circular structure might produce a broader interaction of the electromagnetic waves with the glucose samples. A clear shift in the resonance frequency was observed for various glucose samples, which implies that the proposed sensor has a good sensitivity and can be easily utilized to distinguish any glucose concentration, even though their dielectric coefficients are close. Results showed a superior performance in terms of resonance frequency shift (1.51 GHz) and quality factor (246) compared to those reported in the literature. The transmission variation level ∆|S21| was investigated for glucose concentration in both water and blood. The sensing mechanism was elaborated through the surface current, electric field and magnetic field distributions on the corona resonator. The proposed metamaterials sensor is considered to be a promising candidate for biosensor and medicine applications in human glycaemia monitoring.

A Symmetrical Terahertz Triple-Band Metamaterial Absorber Using a Four-Capacitance Loaded Complementary Circular Split Ring Resonator and an Ultra-Thin ZnSe Substrate

“…For instance, a real-time and non-invasive glucose-sensing structure, based on MTM transmission line theory, was designed and experimentally investigated in microwave frequencies [17]. Furthermore, it is possible to detect liquid chemicals such as clean and waste transformer oil, cotton oil, corn oil, and olive oil with the help of metamaterial-based sensors integrated into the X-band waveguide [18].…”

Microwave Planar Resonant Solutions for Glucose Concentration Sensing: A Systematic Review

“…The use of complementary electric LC resonators has also been reported for microfluidic applications with aqueous and biological samples [108,126] (see Figure 3b). Resonant transmission lines in microstrip [127] or coplanar [128,129] technology have also been proposed, as well as other resonant approaches such as epsilon negative unit-cell [130], planar whispering gallery mode [131] substrate-integrated waveguide [119] or corona shape [132]. The compilation of these approaches along with their significant data and sensitivities is shown in Table 1, ordered by operating resonant frequency and type of sample (aqueous solution or blood).…”

“…This has been a common sensing approach leading to a sizable number of publications. Some of the f r -based attempts have also been considered with these sensing parameters, providing in some cases for interesting dual measurement capabilities [121,127,129,130,132] (Figure 4a). Again, the SRR is present in many of the proposed designs.…”

Metamaterial Solar Absorber Based on Refractory Metal Titanium and Its Compound

“…When the scale of the microstructure is close to the incident wavelength, the influence on the wave can be realized [2]. In the last 10 years, the absorber based on meta-material developed rapidly [3][4][5][6][7]. At the same time, many researchers have also made very significant contributions in the manufacturing process of metamaterials, such as Akinoglu et al who report their research on BCP (block copolymer) lithography route [8,9].…”