Hypertelescopes: The Challenge of Direct Imaging at High Resolution

Abstract

Sparse optical interferometric arrays of many apertures can produce direct images in the densified-pupil mode, also called "hypertelescope" mode. Pending the introduction of adaptive optics for cophasing, indirect images can also be reconstructed with speckle imaging techniques. But adaptive phasing is preferable, when a sufficiently bright guide star is available. Several wave sensing techniques, byproducts of those used on monolithic telescopes for some of them, are potentially usable. For cophased direct images of very faint sources in the absence of a natural guide star, a modified form of the Laser Guide Star techniques demonstrated on conventional and segmented telescopes is described. Preliminary testing in laboratory suggests further investigation. Recorded images, assumed co-phased, are also improvable post-detection with optical aperture-synthesis techniques such as Earth rotation synthesis, where data from successive exposures are combined incoherently. Nevertheless, the gain becomes modest if hundreds of sub-apertures are used. Image deconvolution techniques are also applicable, if suitably modified as demonstrated by Aime et al. (2012), and Mary (2012). Their modified deconvolution algorithms can extend the Direct Imaging Field (also called Clean Field) of hypertelescopes. More sub-apertures at given collecting area, implying that their size is reduced, improve the direct-imaging performance. The predictable trend thus favors systems combining hundreds of sub-apertures of modest size, if workable designs can be evolved. One such design, the "Ubaye Hypertelescope" entering the initial testing phase in the southern Alps, has a fixed spherical meta-mirror with a 57 m effective aperture, expandable to 200 m. Preliminary results suggest that larger versions, whether spherical or active paraboloidal, can reach a kilometric aperture size at terrestrial sites having a suitable concave topography. In space, hypertelescope meta-apertures spanning up to 100 000 km are in principle feasible in the form of a flotilla of mirrors, driven by micro-thrusters or by the radiation pressure of the Sun or lasers.

Wave attenuation study on a wide-band seismic metasurface using capped pillars

“…Metamaterials emerged as the composite periodic medium exhibiting unusual electromagnetic properties [1], about a couple of decades ago. Ever since they have given rise to a plethora of different meta-concepts such as meta-materials, meta-structure [2], meta-mirror [3,4], metalens [5,6], meta-surface [7,8], meta-wedge [9], meta-barrier [10,11], meta-damper [12], metafoundation [13], meta-lattice [14], etc. Based on this evolutionary path, they can be defined as artificial materials which have been structurally engineered in such a way that their geometric and topological properties overtake their chemical and atomic properties for dictating their behaviour when interacting with various physical phenomena.…”