Hypertension and Dyslipidemia: the Two Partners in Endothelium-Related Crime

Abstract

Purpose of Review The goal of this article is to characterize the endothelium’s role in the development of hypertension and dyslipidemia and to point out promising therapeutic directions. Recent Findings Dyslipidemia may facilitate the development of hypertension, whereas the collaboration of these two silent killers potentiates the risk of atherosclerosis. The common pathophysiological denominator for hypertension and dyslipidemia is endothelial cell dysfunction, which manifests as dysregulation of homeostasis, redox balance, vascular tone, inflammation, and thrombosis. Treatment focused on mediators acting in these processes might be groundbreaking. Metabolomic research on hypertension and dyslipidemia has revealed new therapeutic targets. State-of-the-art solutions integrating interview, clinical examination, innovative imaging, and omics profiles along with artificial intelligence have been already shown to improve patients’ risk stratification and treatment. Summary Pathomechanisms underlying hypertension and dyslipidemia take place in the endothelium. Novel approaches involving endothelial biomarkers and bioinformatics advances could open new perspectives in patient management.

Exploring the Correlation between Systemic Inflammatory Markers and Carotid Atherosclerosis Indices in Middle-Aged Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…Inflammatory and immune mechanisms play a pivotal role in the development and progression of atherosclerotic arteries [ 4 ]. Atherosclerosis is initiated by endothelium dysfunction derived from major contributors like elevated serum LDL-cholesterol, oxidative stress, mechanical stress, and inflammatory response, which play an important role in all stages of atherosclerosis [ 5 , 6 ]. Atherosclerotic plaques cause the blood vessel lumen to narrow, thicken, and harden, making them significant risk factors for ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack [ 1 , 7 ].…”

The Vascular Function of Resistance Arteries Depends on NADPH Oxidase 4 and Is Exacerbated by Perivascular Adipose Tissue

“…Dyslipidemia is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and refers to an imbalance in serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides, contributing to the development of atherosclerosis [1,2]. Dyslipidemia can lead to endothelial dysfunction in resistance arteries, impairing their ability to regulate blood flow and thereby contributing to hypertension and other cardiovascular complications [3]. Resistance arteries are small arteries that play a crucial role in regulating blood pressure by controlling peripheral resistance.…”

“…This first damage, termed endothelial dysfunction, is characterized by oxidative stress and an imbalance between vasodilator and vasoconstrictor substances [4]. Consequently, endothelial dysfunction leads to increased arterial stiffness, reduced vasodilation, and impaired ability to regulate blood flow, all of which contribute to the progression of cardiovascular diseases [3]. There is evidence suggesting that the onset of endothelial dysfunction in small resistance arteries precedes the development of endothelial dysfunction in conduit arteries [5,6].…”

Association of atherosclerosis indices, serum uric acid to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and triglycerides‐glucose index with hypertension: A gender‐disaggregated analysis

“…It is often accompanied by several CVD risk factors, such as dyslipidemia, which contributes to atherosclerosis in hypertensive patients. 3 The global prevalence of hypertension in adults has been estimated to be approximately 31.1% and is predicted to increase to 60% by 2025. 4 , 5 Therefore, primary prevention and early detection of risk factors for hypertension are essential to reduce the potential public health burden.…”