Hypertension and hypertensive encephalopathy

Price, Raymond S.; Kasner, Scott E.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-4086-3.00012-6

Cited by 35 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The definition of hypertension has continuously evolved over the last 50 years and is currently defined as blood pressure (BP) of at least 140/90 mm of mercury (Wang & Vasan, ). Hypertension increases with age and is the most common risk factor identified in stroke patients (Price & Kasner, ). Despite the high prevalence of hypertension, more than 40% of patients with hypertension are uncontrolled and must take at least two antihypertensive drugs (Bakris et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Hypotensive, hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of bioactive compounds from microalgae and marine micro‐organisms

Zhao

Yang

et al. 2015

Int J of Food Sci Tech

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Microalgae and marine micro-organisms (MMs) have received increasing attention for the production of biologically active compounds due to their exclusive characteristics, which have adapted to the specific and extreme conditions of environments. These micro-organisms are of considerable importance as new and promising potential sources of a huge number of natural bioactive compounds for functional foods and pharmaceutical development. Important natural bioactive compounds exhibiting a wide range of activities such as antimicrobial, antitumour, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antituberculosis, antiparasitic, anthelmintic, antimalarial, antiprotozoal, anticoagulant and antiplatelet effects have recently been isolated. To date, only a small number of MMs have been investigated for hypotensive, hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic activities. This study focuses specifically on revealing and discussing prospective human applications of MMs on functional foods and clinical practice and their metabolites associated with hypotensive, hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic activities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Hypotensive, hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of bioactive compounds from microalgae and marine micro‐organisms

Zhao

Yang

et al. 2015

Int J of Food Sci Tech

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“…Future studies using the ICD-10-CM classification system, which does have a diagnosis code for RPLS, may be helpful to further differentiate HE and RPLS, which are likely two disease entities with overlapping features on the same spectrum. 5, 8 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4, 5 In up to 16% of these hypertensive emergencies, end-organ dysfunction involves the brain and is termed hypertensive encephalopathy (HE). 2, 4–6 Current teaching describes HE as a rapidly evolving syndrome of severe hypertension (or sharp relative rise in blood pressure) associated with seizures, focal neurological signs, or symptoms of cerebral edema such as headache, nausea, or depressed consciousness.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 The mechanisms by which blood pressure elevations result in encephalopathy are uncertain but are postulated to involve arteriolar dilatation beyond auto-regulatory capacity, which subsequently disrupts the blood-brain barrier and leads to extravasation of plasma. 5, 8–11 Because they share similar pathophysiology, HE often manifests as reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS), accounting for 61% of RPLS cases. 5, 12 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5, 8–11 Because they share similar pathophysiology, HE often manifests as reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS), accounting for 61% of RPLS cases. 5, 12 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk of Stroke After the International Classification of Diseases -Ninth Revision Discharge Code Diagnosis of Hypertensive Encephalopathy

Lerario

Merkler

Gialdini

et al. 2016

Stroke

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Background and Purpose Although chronic hypertension is a well-established risk factor for stroke, little is known about stroke risk after hypertensive encephalopathy (HE), when neurologic sequelae of hypertension become evident. Therefore, we evaluated the risk of stroke following a diagnosis of HE. Methods We identified all patients discharged from California, New York, and Florida emergency departments and acute care hospitals between 2005 and 2012 with a primary International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition, Clinical Modification discharge diagnosis of HE (437.2). Patients discharged with a primary diagnosis of seizure (345.x) served as negative controls, while patients with a primary diagnosis of transient ischemic attack (TIA) (435.x) were positive controls. Our primary outcome was the composite of subsequent ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Kaplan-Meier survival statistics were used to calculate cumulative outcome rates, and Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to examine the association between index disease types and outcomes while adjusting for vascular risk factors. Results We identified 8,233 patients with HE, 191,091 with seizure, and 308,680 with TIA. The 1-year cumulative rate of ischemic stroke or ICH after HE was 4.90% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.45–5.40), as compared to 0.92% (95% CI, 0.88–0.97) following seizure and 4.49% (95% CI, 4.42–4.57) following TIA. The risk of ICH was significantly elevated in those with HE (HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.7–2.5) but not TIA (HR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.9–1.1), when compared to seizure patients. Conclusions Patients discharged with a diagnosis of HE face a high risk of future cerebrovascular events, particularly ICH.

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Hypertensive Encephalopathy, Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome, and Eclampsia

Orjuela

Ruland

2016

Hypertension and Stroke

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Hypertension and hypertensive encephalopathy

Cited by 35 publications

References 33 publications

Hypotensive, hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of bioactive compounds from microalgae and marine micro‐organisms

Hypotensive, hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of bioactive compounds from microalgae and marine micro‐organisms

Risk of Stroke After the International Classification of Diseases -Ninth Revision Discharge Code Diagnosis of Hypertensive Encephalopathy

Hypertensive Encephalopathy, Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome, and Eclampsia

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