Hypertension and risk of depression in the elderly: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Abstract

The objective of the study was to assess the relationship between hypertension and risk of depression. The relationship between hypertension and depression has been discussed for a long time, but the results are controversial. Studies were searched from PubMed and Cochrane up to 24 March 2014. Any prospective cohort study, which possibly reported the relationship between hypertension and depression, was included. The random effect model was used to calculate the pooled relative risk (RR). Finally, five prospective cohort studies were included for analysis, with a total of 9647 participants involved. Our meta-analysis does not support that hypertension is probably a risk factor of depression. The pooled RR was 1.16 (95% confidence interval: 0.91, 1.42) when those exposed to hypertension were compared with those who were not. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis and publication bias test suggested that the overall result of this analysis was robust. Further studies are needed to exclude the effects of other confounding factors.

Effect of Metabolic Syndrome on Late‐Life Depression: Associations with Disease Severity and Treatment Resistance

“…If present, cerebrovascular disease burden could be one mediator of such an effect. Hypertension is an established risk factor for vascular depression (Krishnan 2004), but its relationship with LLD more broadly has not been proven (Long 2015). Vascular depression lacks universally accepted diagnostic criteria, but is generally characterized by later onset in the setting of atherosclerotic risk factors and radiographic evidence of cerebrovascular disease (Aizenstein 2016, Viscogliosi 2014).…”

Depression and medication adherence among older Korean patients with hypertension: Mediating role of self‐efficacy

“…Well-known determinants of adherence to antihypertensive medication may be broadly categorized as demographic characteristics including age, gender, marital status, and education level (Krousel-Wood et al, 2011;Park, Kim, Jang, & Koh, 2013), and psychosocial factors such as depression, self-efficacy, social support, and health belief (Rajpura & Nayak, 2014;Bautista, Vera-Cala, Colombo, & Smith, 2012;Kim et al, 2015;Krousel-Wood, Islam, Muntner, et al, 2010;Maeda, Shen, Schwarz, Farrell, & Mallon, 2013;Morrison, Holmes, Parveen, et al, 2015;Schoenthaler, Ogedegbe, & Allegrante, 2009). Especially, both depressive and hypertensive patients experience increased sympathetic tone and increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol (Long, Duan, Tian, et al, 2015). Therefore, it is pathophysiologically plausible that depression and hypertension affect one another.…”

“…Lack of dopamine at key sites in the brain may increase blood pressure and/ or trigger depression (Krousel-Wood et al, 2010;Morris et al, 2006). Furthermore, ischaemic changes in the brain caused by high blood pressure may predispose individuals with hypertension to depression (Long et al, 2015). Additionally, depressed patients may have poor control of their blood pressure because they have lost interest in adhering to their therapeutic regimen (Gentil, Vasiliadis, Préville, Bossé, & Berbiche, 2012;Grenard, Munjas, Adams, et al, 2011).…”

“…Additionally, depressed patients may have poor control of their blood pressure because they have lost interest in adhering to their therapeutic regimen (Gentil, Vasiliadis, Préville, Bossé, & Berbiche, 2012;Grenard, Munjas, Adams, et al, 2011). However, the link between blood pressure and depression still remains unclear in the literature (Krousel-Wood et al, 2010;Long et al, 2015). Moreover, despite the high rates of hypertension in Korean populations, little is known about the important comorbidity of depressive symptoms among older Koreans with hypertension.…”

“…Especially, both depressive and hypertensive patients experience increased sympathetic tone and increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol (Long, Duan, Tian, et al, ). Therefore, it is pathophysiologically plausible that depression and hypertension affect one another.…”