Hypertension and stress: A preventive approach

Banahan, Benjamin F.; Sharpe, Thomas R.; Baker, John; Liao, Winston; Smith, Mickey C.

doi:10.1016/0022-3999(79)90074-6

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…This finding would be expected if stress has a cumulative effect on blood pressure. 49 It is also noteworthy that stress showed no positive correlations with any of the blood pressure or pulse factors measured under stress conditions (blood drawing or handgrip exercise).…”

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confidence: 99%

Factor analysis suggesting contrasting determinants for different blood pressure measurements.

1986

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SUMMARY A multiple regression analysis was performed on statistically independent factors derived from blood pressure measurements and possible predictive variables in 618 Utah adults. Nine blood pressure factors obtained in a previous study composed the dependent variables; 35 anthropometric, questionnaire, and biochemical variables were reduced by factor analysis to 10 factors and used as independent variables. Body size and obesity had significant independent effects on different types of blood pressure: body size correlated most highly with systolic blood pressure, while obesity correlated most highly with sitting diastolic blood pressure measurements. Smoking did not correlate with sitting blood pressure but did show a significant positive correlation (after controlling for obesity) with tilt and supine diastolic pressure. Alcohol consumption correlated positively with sitting diastolic pressure when the effects of body size and obesity were controlled. No correlations were found between urinary potassium or sodium excretion and any blood pressure factors, but a significant positive correlation was seen between plasma sodium concentration and several different types of diastolic blood pressure measurements. Psychological stress showed a significant independent positive correlation with systolic blood pressure measurements that was strongest in adults over 35 years of age. The multiple correlation values for the multiple regression equations ranged from 0.19 to 0.52. (Hypertension 8: 243-251, 1986) KEY WORDS • blood pressure determinants • factor analysis • causal factors • multiple regression V IRTUALLY all previous analyses of multiple predictive factors for blood pressure have used systolic and diastolic blood pressure measured in subjects in a sitting position only.'" 5 Because blood pressure can vary considerably depending on posture, activity levels, and external stimuli, a previous study examined 57 blood pressure measurements in six different clinic situations (sitting, standing, lying, tilting, gripping, and just before blood drawing). 6 Factor analysis of these variables showed that all systolic blood pressure measurements composed one factor, while pulse and diastolic blood pressure measurements formed eight separate additional factors. The present study used these nine factors as dependent variables and evaluated the effects of 35 independent variables by using correlation and multiple regression techniques.

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confidence: 99%

Factor analysis suggesting contrasting determinants for different blood pressure measurements.

1986

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“…18, ~~0 . 0 5 ) and women (age-corrected r=0.24, p<O.Ol) in the programme area but only weakly in the reference area (age-corrected r=O. 14, NS for men and r-0.10, NS for women, Table 11).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Is there an Association between Serum Cholesterol and Blood Pressure Changes?

Salonen

Puska

1983

Journal of Internal Medicine

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ABSTRACT. A community‐based programme to influence the risk factors of coronary heart disease was carried out in North Karelia, Eastern Finland in 1972‐77. The evaluation, based on examination of large cross‐sectional random samples at the outset and at the end of the period, showed a greater reduction in both serum cholesterol and blood pressure levels in North Karelia than in a matched reference area. A random cohort of 293 men and 321 women who were studied both in 1972 and in 1977 did not use antihypertensive drugs on either occasion. Among these people the change in blood pressure was positively associated with the change in serum cholesterol even when age, initial blood pressure, changes in body mass and number of blood pressure measurements were allowed for. This finding supports the hypothesis that changes in fat consumption lead to changes in blood pressure, but this hypothesis needs further investigation.

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“…As a consequence, the results have been inconsistent, with some finding an association between blood pressure level and certain personality characteristics (26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36) and others finding no relationship (37)(38)(39)(40)(41). Studies employing more reliable methods to characterize blood pressure status generally have failed to find an association between hypertension and psychiatric morbidity (42,43), psychogenic needs (44), self-reported Type A behavior (45,46), and hostility (45,47), although a positive relationship between hostility and hypertension was found in one study after controlling for neuroticism (48).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Personality differences between hypertensive and normotensive individuals: influence of knowledge of hypertension status.

Irvine

Garner

Olmsted

et al. 1989

Psychosomatic Medicine

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Personality characteristics such as anxiety and anger have long been associated with essential hypertension, but the results of past studies have often been confounded by inadequate diagnosis of hypertension, antihypertensive medications, and use of unvalidated measures of personality. Moreover, little attention has been given to the importance of differential exposure to medical attention and labeling as determinants of personality. To overcome these shortcomings, personality characteristics were measured by self-report using validated questionnaires in untreated male and female hypertensives who were either aware (n = 80) or unaware (n = 82) of their hypertension at the time of assessment. Hypertension diagnosis was based upon repeated blood pressure measurements over 5 months. Hypertensives were compared to age-, sex-, ethnicity-, and occupation-matched normotensives. Results indicated that aware hypertensives scored significantly higher than normotensives and unaware hypertensives on neuroticism, trait and state anxiety, and self-reported Type A behavior. They also scored higher than normotensives on state anger, and there was a similar trend for anger suppression. There were no differences between unaware hypertensives and normotensives. The findings suggest that these personality factors are not a fundamental characteristic of hypertension but reflect the influence of exposure to medical attention or knowledge of hypertension status.

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Hypertension and stress: A preventive approach

Cited by 14 publications

References 8 publications

Factor analysis suggesting contrasting determinants for different blood pressure measurements.

Factor analysis suggesting contrasting determinants for different blood pressure measurements.

Is there an Association between Serum Cholesterol and Blood Pressure Changes?

Personality differences between hypertensive and normotensive individuals: influence of knowledge of hypertension status.

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