Hypertension as part of the metabolic syndrome

Cheung, Bmy

doi:10.1038/jhh.2008.63

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The diagnosis of hypertension in children is also different from adults because it is defined by the 95th percentile of blood pressure. Nevertheless, these findings are in line with the emerging evidence that hypertension in the majority of the population is part of the metabolic syndrome 3. Blood pressure goes up with obesity, even in children 4.…”

supporting

confidence: 84%

Hypertension: a weighty problem in children

Cheung¹

2017

Postgraduate Medical Journal

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Hypertension is an exceedingly common condition afflicting not only the developed countries but also the low/middle-income countries. Official estimates suggest there are now 270 million people with hypertension in China. Yet, hypertension remains a mysterious disease without a distinct genetic or biochemical cause; the blood pressure control rate remains dismal (‘Rule of Halves’); and its prevalence is soaring in countries like China. The best current practice offered is screening for hypertension in the whole population including apparently healthy asymptomatic individuals; accurate diagnosis with repeated and ambulatory blood pressure measurements; and vigorous treatment using the various antihypertensive drug classes available. There is clearly a need to do more, to pinpoint the cause of hypertension and to prevent it.

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supporting

confidence: 84%

Hypertension: a weighty problem in children

Cheung¹

2017

Postgraduate Medical Journal

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“…This clustering of risk factors reaffirms the metabolic syndrome as an important underlying factor in cardiometabolic disease in Hong Kong Chinese. 25,26 Furthermore, the prospective analysis showed that these factors predicted the development of diabetes and hypertension.…”

Section: The Hypertension-diabetes Continuummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fact that it predicts the development of hypertension shows that hypertension is not just a vascular disease but is also associated with multiple metabolic abnormalities. 26,36 The circulating triglyceride concentration is related to adiposity and is increased in insulin resistance and glycemia. 37 In Hong Kong, an SNP in the apolipoprotein A5 gene is associated with higher plasma triglyceride concentrations.…”

Section: The Hypertension-diabetes Continuummentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hypertension–Diabetes Continuum

Cheung¹

2010

Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology

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Hypertension and type 2 diabetes are both common chronic conditions that affect a major proportion of the general population. They tend to occur in the same individual, suggesting common predisposing factors, which can be genetic or environmental. Although the genes causing hypertension or diabetes await elucidation, the environmental causes of these diseases are well known. Obesity and physical activity are the 2 leading factors that predispose to both diseases. Individuals with abdominal obesity are likely to develop lipid abnormalities and elevation of blood pressure and glucose. In time, hypertension and diabetes ensue. Because of the shared etiology, there is substantial overlap between hypertension and diabetes. In the Hong Kong Cardiovascular Risk Factor Prevalence Study, 40% of the subjects in the community had either raised blood pressure or raised blood glucose. Only 42% of people with diabetes had normal blood pressure and only 56% of people with hypertension had normal glucose tolerance. The presence of hypertension or diabetes should alert the clinician to the possibility of the other condition. Obesity, lipid abnormalities, raised blood pressure, and glucose are all components of the metabolic syndrome. The syndrome therefore implies a pathologic process, which is potentially reversible in the early stages. Previous efforts targeting smoking, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia have started to bear fruit. However, obesity is on the increase in developed and developing countries. It is now time to focus on obesity and the metabolic syndrome, which require more a public health than a pharmacologic approach.

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“…Even primary hypertension, which by definition arises independently of a pre-existing pathology, is correlated with a variety of metabolic abnormalities. 30 to 50% of patients initially diagnosed with primary hypertension are found to have insulin resistance, visceral adiposity, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia or hepatic steatosis upon closer investigation [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Together, these symptoms comprise the metabolic syndrome and dramatically increase the risk of developing heart disease in both animals and humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%